Zigzagzigal's Guides - Australia (GS)

Australia excels in beautiful coastal environments - and countering warmongers. Here, I detail Australian strategies and counter-strategies.

Introduction

Following this guide requires the Gathering Storm expansion.

It also assumes you have all other Civ 6 content, listed below, though it is not necessary to have these to utilise the key strategies of each civ.

• Pre-Rise and Fall content packs
  
  • Vikings, Poland, Australia, Persia/Macedon, Nubia, Khmer/Indonesia
• Rise and Fall Expansion
  
• New Frontier content packs
  
  • Maya/Grand Colombia, Ethiopia, Byzantium/Gauls, Babylon, Vietnam/Kublai Khan, Portugal

These content packs include exclusive civs, city-states, districts, buildings, wonders, natural wonders, resources, and a disaster, but not core game mechanics - all you need is the base game and the Gathering Storm expansion for those.

Our home is one of mountains and plains, of grasslands and deserts, of rainforests and sea. Grand cities and vast expanses of agriculture. An ancient land, but a young nation. A juxtaposition of hardships and plenty. And now, we face a test like none before. A second Great War emerges in the west. The British Empire no longer wields the strength it once had, leaving us to determine our own destiny. Should we be successful in our efforts to stem the tide of aggression, we shall be rewarded greatly by our loyal allies; if we fail, there shall be no allies that remain to reward us.

How to use this guide

This guide is divided into multiple sections explaining how best to use and play against this specific civ.

• The Outline details the mechanics of how the civilization's unique features work and what their start bias is if they have one.
  
• The Victory Skew section describes to what extent the civ (and its individual leaders where applicable) is inclined towards particular victory routes. This is not a rating of its power, but an indicator of the most appropriate route to victory.
  
• Multiple sections for Uniques explain in detail how to use each special bonus of the civilization.
  
• Administration describes some of the most synergistic governments, government buildings, policy cards, age bonuses, pantheons, religious beliefs, wonders, city-states and Great People for the civ. Only the ones with the most synergy with the civ's uniques are mentioned - these are not necessarily the "best" choices when playing as the civ for a given victory route.
  
• Finally, the Counter-Strategies discusses how best to play against the civ, including a consideration of leader agendas if the civ is controlled by a computer.

Note that all costs (production, science, etc.) mentioned within the guide assume a game played on the normal speed settings. To modify these values for other game speeds:

• Online: Divide by 2
  
• Quick: Divide by 1.5
  
• Epic: Multiply by 1.5
  
• Marathon: Multiply by 3

Glossary

Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here.

AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. Positive examples include Factories (which offer production to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building of the same type) and a negative example is nuclear weapons, which cause devastation over a wide radius.

Beelining - Obtaining a technology or civic quickly by only researching it and its prerequisites. Some deviation is allowed in the event that taking a technology or civic off the main track provides some kind of advantage that makes up for that (either a source of extra science/culture or access to something necessary for a eureka or inspiration boost)

CA (Civ Ability) - The unique ability of a civilization, shared by all its leaders.

Compact empires - Civs with cities close together (typically 3-4 tile gaps between city centres). This is useful if you want to make use of districts that gain adjacency bonuses from other districts, or to maximise the potential of area-of-effect bonuses later in the game.

Dispersed empires - Civs with cities that are spread out (typically 5-6 tile gaps between city centres). Civs with unique tile improvements generally favour a more dispersed empire in order to make use of them, as do civs focused on wonder construction.

GPP - Short for Great Person Points. Districts, buildings and wonders generate these points and with enough you can claim a Great Person of the corresponding type.

GWAM - Collective name for Great Writers, Artists and Musicians. All of them can produce Great Works that offer tourism and culture, making them important to anyone seeking a cultural victory.

LA (Leader Ability) - The unique ability of a specific leader. Usually but not always, they tend to be more specific in scope than civ abilities. Some leader abilities come with an associated unique unit or infrastucture.

Prebuilding - Training a unit with the intention of upgrading it to a desired unit later. An example is building Slingers and upgrading them once Archery is unlocked.

Sniping - Targeting a specific city for capture directly, ignoring other enemy cities along the way. Typically used in the context of "capital sniping" - taking a civ's original capital as quickly as possible to contribute towards domination victory without leading to a drawn-out war.

Start bias - The kind of terrain, terrain feature or resource a civilization is more likely to start near. This is typically used for civilizations that have early bonuses dependent on a particular terrain type. There are five tiers of start bias; civs with a tier 1 start bias are placed before civs of tier 2 and so on, increasing their odds of receiving a favourable starting location.

Super-uniques - Unique units that do not replace any others. Examples include India's Varu and Mongolia's Keshigs.

Tall empires - Empires that emphasise city development over expansion, usually resulting in fewer, but bigger, cities.

Uniques - Collective name for civ abilities, leader abilities, unique units, unique buildings, unique districts and unique improvements.

UA (Unique Ability) - A collective name for leader abilities and civ abilities.

UB (Unique Building) - A special building which may only be constructed in the cities of a single civilization, which replaces a normal building and offers a special advantage on top.

UD (Unique District) - A special district which may only be constructed in the cities of a single civilization, which replaces a normal district, costs half as much to build and offers some unique advantages on top.

UI (Unique Improvement) - A special improvement that can only be built by the Builders of a single civilization. "UI" always refers to unique improvements in my guides and not to "user interface" or "unique infrastructure".

UU (Unique Unit) - A special unit that may only be trained by a single civilization, and in some cases only when that civilization is led by a specific leader.

Wide empires - Empires that emphasise expansion over city development, usually resulting in more, but smaller, cities.

Outline (Part 1/2)

Start Bias

Australia has a tier 2 start bias towards coastal tiles and a tier 5 start bias towards cattle, horses and sheep. Starting near the coast is crucial for making the most of Australia's civ ability, while the biases towards cattle, horses and sheep work well with the Outback Station improvement.

Civilization Ability: Land Down Under

• All cities adjacent to a coastal tile receive +3 housing.
  
  • This is separate from the housing provided based on access to fresh water.
• Constructing a pasture improvement causes a culture bomb, granting you all surrounding tiles.
  
  • Only tiles that are within the workable range of the tile's city will be granted (in other words, they must be within a 3-tile radius from the city centre).
    
  • This includes tiles from other civs, but will incur a diplomatic penalty if you steal tiles off them this way. Taking land from city-states has no penalty.
    
  • Tiles stolen containing non-unique tile improvements will retain them.
    
  • Tiles containing completed districts, wonders or national parks will not be stolen, but incomplete ones will be, destroying them.

• Campuses, Commercial Hubs, Holy Sites and Theatre Squares get +1 of their respective yield in Charming tiles (2 or more appeal) and +3 in Breathtaking (4 or more appeal)
  
  • These count as adjacency bonuses for the purpose of bonuses that modify them.

John Curtin's Leader Ability: Citadel of Civilization

• All cities gain +100% production for 10 turns after you are the target of a declaration of war or if you liberate a city.
  
  • Being the target of a declaration of war by a city-state does not count.
    
  • These bonuses do not stack.

Outline (Part 2/2)

Unique Unit: Digger

A modern-era melee infantry unit which replaces Infantry

Research	Obsoletion	Upgrades from	Upgrades to	Cost	Resource	Maintenance
Replaceable Parts Technology Modern era	Satellites ** Technology Information era	Line Infantry (150 )	Mechanised Infantry (450 1 )	430 or 1720 or 860 *	None	6

*Purchasing units with faith requires the Grand Master's Chapel government building, which requires either the medieval-era Divine Right or renaissance-era Exploration civics.

**If you have insufficient oil, you may continue to train Diggers even after researching Satellites.

Strength	Ranged Strength	Moves	Range	Sight	Negative Attributes	Positive Attributes
78	N/A	2	N/A	2	Deals -85% damage to city walls and urban defences	+5 vs. anti-cavalry units +10 on land tiles adjacent to the coast +5 outside of friendly territory

Positive changes

• Does not require oil resources
  
• 78 strength, up from 75
  
• +10 strength on land tiles adjacent to the coast
  
• +5 strength outside of friendly territory

Unique Improvement: Outback Station

Research	Terrain requirement	Constructed by	Pillage yield
Guilds Civic Medieval era	Must be constructed on one of the following in your own land: Flat grassland Flat plains Flat desert Desert hills Tiles must be featureless (e.g. no floodplains)	Builder	Pillager heals 50 health.

Defensive bonus	Direct yield	Adjacency yields	Miscellaneous bonus	Typical maximum yield	Maximum theoretical yield
None	1 1 0.5	1 per adjacent pasture	None	3 1 0.5	7 1 0.5

Enhancements

Research	Direct bonus	Adjacency bonus	Miscellaneous bonus	New typical maximum*	New theoretical maximum*
Steam Power Technology Industrial era	None	1 per two adjacent Outback Station improvements	Pastures gain +1 per adjacent Outback Station. Civs other than Australia can gain this benefit if they have Steam Power.	1-3 1-4 0.5	1-7 1-4 0.5
Rapid Deployment Civic Atomic era	None	1 per two adjacent Outback Station improvements	None	4-5 ** 3-4 ** 0.5	4-7 *** 1-4 *** 0.5

*Due to conflicting adjacency bonuses, getting more production from adjacent pastures means less potential for food from adjacent Outback Stations. The bonus production pastures gain from adjacent Outback Stations is not shown here.

**These yields reflect a choice between two pastures and four Outback Stations adjacent to the tile, or having a full six Outback Stations. Having more than two pastures adjacent to a tile is pretty rare in most games.

***These yields reflect a full spectrum from having six adjacent pastures to six adjacent Outback Stations.

Victory Skew

In this section, the civ is subjectively graded based on how much it leans towards a specific victory type - not how powerful it is. Scores of 3 or more mean the civ has at least a minor advantage towards the victory route.

Leader	Culture	Diplomacy	Domination	Religion	Science
John Curtin	7/10 (Good)	8/10 (Good)	9/10 (Ideal)	7/10 (Good)	10/10 (Ideal)

Australia performs reasonably well in the cultural game. The huge production bonus John Curtin offers is great for building wonders, and you can get good yields from Theatre Squares to help get through the civics tree. Bonus Holy Site faith can aid with purchasing Rock Bands. However, there's a catch. Because you'll want to use high-appeal spots for districts, you'll have relatively few left for National Parks and Seaside Resorts.

Diplomacy is a great path to take Australia down. Liberating cities is a way to generate diplomatic favour (and to become suzerain over captured city-states) - with Australia's huge production bonus for city liberation, you have a great incentive to do so. Strong production can help with key wonders and carbon capture projects, while some extra Commercial Hub gold can equate to more cash for aid emergencies.

Domination is a path that Australia is good at, though one of the most powerful bonuses towards that goal - the +100% production bonus for 10 turns - relies on the actions on other civs. Still, Diggers are very strong for their time and because they don't need oil, can be unlocked much faster than regular Infantry, making them potentially devastating units. Extra faith from Holy Sites combined with the Grand Master's Chapel allows for affordable purchasing of them, and extra science from Campuses speeds up their research even more.

Religious victories can work reasonably effectively. Tiles next to mountains and natural wonders tend to have the best appeal, so you can make use of both the adjacency bonus and the appeal boost for plenty of faith from Holy Sites.

Science is your best option. Australia is an uncommon civ with both a strong science output and good production, making them ideal for scientific victories. As with Holy Sites, Campuses can get two sets of bonuses from mountains, which can give you a powerful science output. Late in the game, you can use Diggers to try and liberate some cities for production bonuses to help with space projects, meeting the requirements of eurekas, and so forth.

Civilization Ability: Land Down Under (Part 1/3)

Australia can end up with really powerful cities surprisingly early on, and take that strength in any direction.

+3 Housing in Coastal Cities

Normally, the best spots for housing are next to rivers or lakes. Coastal cities are better than having no water access at all, but not much better. Australia, however, makes coastal cities provide a lot of housing in their own right. Coastal cities with fresh water access become especially powerful.

To make sense of it all, here's a table showing how much housing Australian cities get in various situations.

	No fresh water	River or lake	Water only via Aqueduct	River/lake adjacency and Aqueduct
Inland	2	5	6	7
Coastal	6	8	9	10

I've also included the impact of having an Aqueduct. Settling a city adjacent to fresh water makes a potential Aqueduct provide less housing, but you'll still end up with more housing overall.

You might notice in the table that settling a coastal city always provides more housing than settling one inland. Generally as Australia, you should seek to settle as many cities as possible by the sea, but it's fine to make exceptions for areas with high densities of mountains (allowing you to get the best Campus/Holy Site yields), pasture resources (allowing you to make the most of Outback Stations) or to fill out the interior of your home landmass (helping to give your empire a more secure core).

Having a lot of housing means your cities can grow to a great size earlier in the game, which helps you to maximise district capacity. More citizens often means more production which can help with some early wonders, though it's often better to focus on getting Australia's strong districts up as soon as possible. Remember that all those extra citizens will need something to do - get some Builders trained to improve resources to help with that. Leave resourceless desert tiles, flat plains and flat grasslands adjacent to pastures empty for now (unless you need the Feudalism inspiration, which requires 6 farms in your empire) as you'll want to build Outback Stations there later, and there's no point wasting Builder charges for farms or mines that will only be removed later.

Housing from both this ability and working large quantities of Outback Stations can mean Australia doesn't need to build many Neighbourhoods. Aside from saving production, and avoiding the risk of the Recruit Partisans Spy mission being used against you, it also ensures more high-appeal tiles are reserved for making your districts more powerful - something covered later in this civ ability section.

There is one little catch, however. Having lots of population will be demanding on amenities, and Australia's focus on coastal areas tends to create a long, snaky empire which can't use area-of-effect amenity buildings like Zoos, Aquariums, Stadiums and Aquatics Centres very effectively. To get around that, be prepared to trade extensively with other civs, or place small colonies on new continents. Every continent has its own unique set of four luxury resources, making colonies a good source of amenities.

More cities or bigger cities?

A tough choice to make with Australia is whether you want to build on your housing advantage to make a few huge cities (which the Audience Chamber Government Plaza building will help with), or to build lots of cities and use the housing advantage to help them grow to a good size sooner (which the Ancestral Hall Government Plaza building will help with). The former option will make wonder construction very easy, but the latter will allow you to have more copies of the same district throughout your empire, maximising your adjacency bonuses from the key part of this civ ability.

Pasture culture bomb

You'll only gain tiles within a three-tile radius of your city centre.

When you construct a pasture as Australia, you'll automatically receive the adjacent tiles without any gold or culture cost - for this reason, avoid buying tiles adjacent to a pasture resource (sheep, cattle or horses) you already have in your control.

The main purpose for this ability is to secure land that you can place Outback Stations on later, though you could hypothetically aggressively place a city next to another civ's city and a pasture resource, then steal the other civ's land. Considering you get a 100% production bonus for 10 turns if they then declare war on you, it's not as bad a tactic as it may initially appear.

If you're still founding new cities later in the game, the combination of the housing boost, pasture culture bombs, Ancestral Hall Government Plaza building, Hic Sunt Dracones Golden Age dedication and John Curtin's civ ability can rapidly develop any new city on new continents. A single Settler will give you a size 4 city with plenty of housing, at least three Builder charges which can get you more land via culture bombs, and the city will have a strong enough production base to help develop itself.

Civilization Ability: Land Down Under (Part 2/3)

Bonus Campus, Holy Site, Commercial Hub and Theatre Square yields based on appeal

Two reefs and breathtaking appeal = 7 science Campus very early in the game.

This is the most powerful aspect of Australia's civ ability, and defines much of the civ's early gameplay. Careful management of tile appeal can provide you with some mighty districts handy regardless of which victory route you want to take Australia in.

Managing Tile Appeal

If you want a complete table of what offers positive or negative appeal, click here to go to the guide to America. Go to the first part of the section on Bull Moose Teddy's Leader Ability to see it. A few notable things from that table are:

• Coasts, woods, mountains and natural wonders tend to create the best appeal.
  
• Floodplain regions tend to create the worst appeal.
  
• Rainforests and marshes are bad for appeal but can be removed.
  
• Mines and quarries lower appeal, so be careful where you build them.
  
• Encampments and Industrial Zones are the most common districts to create negative appeal, so be especially careful where you place them.
  
• Holy Sites, Theatre Squares, Canals, Dams, Entertainment Complexes, Preserves, and Water Parks increase appeal. The first two get adjacency bonuses from being next to other districts anyway, so it's easy to make good use of that. Coastal tiles with Water Parks will add a total of +2 appeal to adjacent land tiles, making them often preferable to Entertainment Complexes.
  
• Governor Liang (the Surveyor) provides access to the City Park improvement, which offers a massive +2 appeal in adjacent tiles.
  
• Later in the game, with the Conservation civic, old woods become one of the best sources of appeal, while you can also grow new forests to provide appeal nearly anywhere.

To get around the negative appeal of mines, Australia can use Outback Stations. They produce some production (though not as much as mines) but crucially have no appeal penalty. You can't build them on non-desert hills, but if you need to improve hills later in the game, you can plant a forest there and construct a lumber mill on top, or place a farm there.

If a tile has at least +2 appeal, it's rated as "charming". Australian Campuses, Holy Sites, Commercial Hubs and Theatre Squares get a +1 bonus in that situation. That's easy to achieve - tiles adjacent to at least two coastal tiles will usually get that.

If a tile has at least +4 appeal, it's "breathtaking" and those four district types get a +3 bonus for Australia. Those tiles tend to be uncommon, though you can often get one or two per coastal city. Forested coastal areas tend to be good, as well as forested mountainous regions.

These bonuses count as adjacency for the purpose of bonuses that interact with it (e.g. policy cards that double adjacency). This makes it easy to make even more out of your civ ability. Getting any district to 3+ adjacency (4+ for Commercial Hubs, Harbours and Industrial Zones) for the first time grants you era score, helping you progress towards a Golden Age.

Let's now break down how the bonus works for each district type.

Campus

Campuses already get +1 science per adjacent mountain, and mountainous areas tend to have high appeal. Put the two together and you'll have very fast research early in the game. Reefs are even better if you can find them - they appear on the coast and hence in high-appeal areas, and they boost adjacent Campus science by +2 each!

Tracking down ideal spots can be tricky; some cities might have to just settle for a +3 science boost from a breathtaking coastal tile. That's still better than most civs will get from their Campuses at this stage in the game. If you're not quite at breathtaking yet, consider building a Holy Site or Theatre Square adjacent to it to boost the appeal.

Building lots of Campuses will give you a good advantage in the science game - the production from John Curtin's leader ability will help there as well by making it easier to meet the requirements for many eurekas and for setting up an infrastructure to handle the space race.

Holy Site

On the face of it, Holy Sites don't appear to fit in well to the rest of Australia's bonuses, but if you can secure a religion of your own with the Work Ethic follower belief, their adjacency bonus will be added to production. If you're willing to build Holy Sites early on for enough Great Prophet Points to found a religion, this can really pay off as the game goes on!

Like Campuses, Holy Sites also get bonuses from mountain adjacency, though faith tends to be a less valuable yield than science. If you really want to maximise faith output, however, look for natural wonders. Natural wonders offer +2 faith to adjacent Holy Sites, and for multi-tile wonders like the Pantanal or Mount Everest, you can get a +4 faith adjacency bonus. Furthermore, natural wonders produce +2 appeal in adjacent tiles, which also stacks; multi-tile natural wonders can make a Holy Site with an adjacency bonus of 7 or more!

If you want to take Australia to a religious victory, and you lack mountains or natural wonders, you can also look for forests to boost your faith output. Every two adjacent unimproved woods tiles provide +1 faith to Holy Sites, and woods tiles also provide +1 appeal each.

Alternatively, having lots of cities with both Holy Sites and Campuses can be very effective if you fall into a classical or medieval-era Dark Age. The Monasticism Dark Age wildcard adds a 75% bonus to science in all cities with a Holy Site (albeit at the loss of 25% of the culture output in every city). Follow that up with a medieval or renaissance-era Heroic Age, and, among other bonuses, you can take Monumentality, which lets you cheaply buy civilian units with all that faith you've been accumulating.

Civilization Ability: Land Down Under (Part 3/3)

Commercial Hub

Considering you can only get trade route capacity in a city from a Commerical Hub or a Harbour, and Australia is a coastal-focused civ, this one is tricky. A Commercial Hub on a breathtaking riverside tile produces an impressive +5 gold output, but Harbours can eventually offer food, production and a little housing. Then again, Commercial Hubs tend to produce Great People which are more relevant for Australia, and if you can secure a classical or medieval-era Golden Age for the Free Inquiry dedication, the higher yields of Commercial Hubs will provide you with more science than Harbours would have done.

Seeing as Australia has a housing bonus enabling bigger cities and hence more districts, you eventually can support both a Harbour and a Commercial Hub in a city. If you intend to do this, try to have it so the city centre, Commercial Hub and Harbour form a triangle; Commercial Hubs gain +2 gold from having an adjacent Harbour as well as +1 gold for having two adjacent districts.

Theatre Square

Although the bonus for Campuses is generally better because it builds on the already-strong yields for placing them next to mountains, the Theatre Square bonus is notable because getting good adjacency bonuses for Theatre Squares is normally difficult.

If you're serious about taking Australia down a culture-heavy path, use the strong housing bonus early on to rapidly develop your cities and build some early wonders. Wonders produce +1 appeal for every adjacent tile and +2 culture to every adjacent Theatre Square, so you'll get great adjacency as well as breathtaking appeal. That'll really help out with the civics tree. Having said that, dedicating lots of high-appeal tiles to districts rather than National Parks or Seaside Resorts can make maximising your tourism later in the game tricky.

You can also boost the yields of Theatre Squares with Entertainment Complexes and/or Water Parks, which like wonders also offer bonus appeal to adjacent tiles.

A note about the Government Plaza

The Government Plaza provides +1 adjacency to districts that receive such bonuses, in addition to the 0.5 that any kind of district offers. As such, try to position it in a way that's adjacent to as many breathtaking tiles as possible so you can make lots of particularly strong districts later. Typically, that means placing it two tiles away from the sea or a mountain range.

A note about wonders

The Eiffel Tower wonder adds +2 appeal to every tile in your empire, which is incredibly strong for Australia considering how it pushes all charming tiles into breathtaking status, greatly boosting district yields. Unfortunately, the Steam Power and Replaceable Parts technologies (the former boosts your Outback Stations' production and the latter lets you train Diggers) are on different branches of the technology tree to Steel, which can make getting the wonder difficult.

There's a few different strategies you can try to use to help with that:

• Research Steel before Steam Power or Replaceable Parts so you can get a head start on the wonder.
  
• Recruit Gustave Eiffel (an industrial-era Great Engineer who can rush wonders) so you can grab the wonder despite being late researching Steel
  
• Use John Curtin's production boost to build the wonder faster.
  
• Train a Digger army ready to capture the wonder from whoever builds it.

Close to Steel on the technology tree is Combustion, which offers the Golden Gate Bridge wonder. Its placement requirements are very awkward (it has to be placed in a way it can bridge two pieces of land over the sea), but it grants +4 appeal to all tiles in a single city. This makes any tile of 0 appeal or higher immediately into breathtaking, allowing that city to have reliably strong districts.

Summary

• Settling a city next to the sea is more important than next to a river, but get both if you can.
  
• Don't buy tiles adjacent to cattle, sheep or horses unless it's on the way to get that specific tile; you'll get those for free later.
  
• Keep mine construction to a minimum so you don't lower your appeal; use Outback Stations instead.
  
• Look out for mountains or reefs for strong Campus yields.
  
• Consider building Holy Sites early on to secure the Work Ethic follower belief for a powerful production bonus.
  
• Try to get the Eiffel Tower to maximise your district yields.

John Curtin's Leader Ability: Citadel of Civilization

Liberate the city-state, and my empire gets a massive production boost!

Warmongers beware. Australia gets two powerful production bonuses which make them both hard to invade and a threat to civs who have already conquered cities. Though the mechanics are basically the same, the prerequisites make them work quite a bit differently in practice.

Production when a target of war

Being caught out with a declaration of war against you isn't much fun, especially if you've been focusing on city development rather than defences. Australia, however, gets ten turns of essentially doubled production in those situations, allowing a rapid military response. Defensively, this advantage is also very useful for constructing the various types of walls, seeing as they can't be purchased the way other buildings can be.

Of course, you don't have to use the extra production for defences. If you use defensive terrain carefully, you may be able to hold off the attackers while developing your non-front line cities. Even if you end up with a few pillaged districts, the production boost should more than make up for that temporary loss. Double production can be great for building wonders, but remember that ten turns won't be enough by itself - you'll need a city with reasonable production to begin with. For a lower-risk option, consider building districts. You can't purchase them directly unless you have Governor Reyna (the Financier) with the Contractor promotion or Governor Moksha (the Cardinal) with the Divine Architect promotion, so it's a great use of your production boost.

Be wary going on the offensive with the production boost. A civ that's willing to declare war on you is generally a civ with a decent military infrastructure, and although you'll briefly have the upper hand against them, once your production bonus fades the advantage might very well swing to their side once more.

That's the basics covered, but there's a more advanced method of using this bonus - deliberately encourage other civs to declare war on you. There's a few ways you can do this:

• Denounce the other civ
  
• (Not against human players) - Deliberately go against the leader's agenda and/or hidden agenda
  
• Settle cities right next to the other civ's lands
  
• Take land off the other civs via the pasture culture bomb ability
  
• Keep your military deliberately small (don't neglect defensive buildings though).
  
• Start a war (you're often more likely to be a target of a war declaration when you're already at war). Declaring war on a city-state which another civ is suzerain over can be particularly effective, especially once the other civ has the Defensive Tactics civic and can declare a protectorate war against you.
  
• And lastly, force an emergency against you. Capturing a city-state is the easiest way to trigger an emergency. Only civs that have envoys present in the city-state can join that emergency, so try to aim for a city-state with enough civs interested that someone will join in, but not too many you'll be swarmed with enemies.

Production when liberating a city

While there may be instances where you can turn a defensive war into a chain of city liberations, usually this part of John Curtin's leader ability is one that comes into play in a different part of the game. After some time has passed, other civs are likely to have fought each other or captured some city-states. That's your chance to go in and liberate them.

It's important to choose your target carefully. For a start, consider which cities are possible to liberate. Look out for elimination messages in the sidebar (e.g. "Bandar Brunei has been defeated"). If one comes up, it's a sure sign you have something you can liberate.

Backstabbing friends in order to deliver some cities from them to a civ you hate isn't exactly the best move to make (though betrayal can trigger an emergency, which might make you the target of a war), nor is starting a war with a civ that's particularly strong. Be careful if you end up in a prolonged war - the war weariness can be painful for a civ that already can struggle with amenities.

Another consideration is the choice between liberating cities of full civs or city-states. There may be multiple captured cities of a full civ, which can mean an extended period of double production. Note that the production boost is based on 10 turns from your last liberated city, so you can't accumulate loads of turns by liberating lots of cities in quick succession. Alternatively, liberating city-states gives you instant suzerain status with at least three envoys present, providing you with a potentially powerful boost.

Liberating a city-state also grants you era score as it'll count you as its first-ever suzerain. This can be useful for securing the Heartbeat of Steam Golden Age dedication in the industrial, modern or atomic age. It'll make your Campuses provide production based on their adjacency bonus, which this leader ability will double!

Once you know who to declare war on, be sure to watch out for grievance penalties - launching a surprise war might just turn former friends against you, so send a denouncement first, seek to use a casus belli, or join an Emergency coalition to work around that.

Note that it's possible to liberate a city by obtaining it via a deal as well as via conquest. This is usually only possible if you're winning a war that's gone on a while. You'll still get the 10-turn liberation production boost this way.

Once you've liberated all you can, if you're not intending to make further conquests, it's a good idea to go on some pillaging sprees until you can declare peace. It'll give you more out of war without you having to incur additional grievances and the corresponding loss of diplomatic favour.

One of the best uses for this boost is speeding along Spaceports and space race projects. After you launch a satellite, the entire map will be revealed if you haven't done so already. That's a great time to look for potential cities to liberate!

Summary

• The production boost is most effective for things that can't be easily purchased, such as walls, districts, wonders and space race projects.
  
• Look out for wars where cities change hands and eliminated city-states so you can liberate them later and enjoy another production boost.

Unique Improvement: Outback Station

If Australia's already-considerable city development advantages weren't enough, they have a versatile unique improvement to support the growth and productivity of the entire empire.

Getting to Outback Stations

Outback Stations arrive at the late-medieval Guilds civic. Assuming you're starting from the classical-era Political Philosophy civic, here's everything else you need to research:

• Drama and Poetry (Boost: Construct a wonder - Although Australia's early housing boost makes them fairly decent at wonder construction, you'll often have to research this without the boost. As it unlocks Theatre Squares and hence a strong source of culture, this is worth grabbing immediately after you've got Political Philosophy.)
  
• Recorded History (Boost: Construct two Campus districts - Not too hard considering Australia should be building them early to take advantage of appeal bonuses anyway.)
  
• Games and Recreation (Boost: Research the Construction technology - Can be a fairly awkward technology to get to in time.)
  
• Defensive Tactics (Boost: Be the target of a declaration of war - Unlike John Curtin's ability, this activates if you declare war on another civ and their allied city-state declares war on you.)
  
• Civil Service (Boost: Bring a city to size 10 population - Much easier as Australia than it is for most other civs. If you reach 11 housing in a city and have a strong supply of food you'll easily hit that target)
  
• Feudalism (Boost: Construct six farms - Easy if you've expanded fairly quickly or start near a lot of wheat or rice.)
  
• Guilds (Boost: Build two Markets - Australia's bonus to Commercial Hubs encourages you to build them anyway.)

Using Outback Stations

Outback Stations offer an effective compromise between the food of farms and the production of mines, while still offering the housing boost of the former and lacking the appeal penalty of the latter. As Australia's cities will usually be on the coast and have access to some high-food fish tiles, you can afford to sacrifice a little bit of food in exchange for bonus production.

Of course, where Outback Stations really excel is when they're next to pasture resources (cattle, sheep or horses). In those cases, you should avoid improving the adjacent tiles with anything other than Outback Stations except to improve resource tiles or to if you're going for the Great Zimbabwe wonder. A plains tile with an adjacent pasture and an Outback Station produces 3 food and 2 production, which is a comparable yield to an improved bonus resource. You can end up with both a strong food output (great for hitting your higher housing cap) and a strong production output (which John Curtin's leader ability can make even more powerful).

Sometimes, you may face a choice between settling a city inland with a lot of pasture resources and settling a city on the coast. If you find yourself in that situation, consider how much housing you can get in that inland city. Getting loads of food from Outback Stations won't do you much good if you don't have enough housing to make use of it, but if you feel you can still get plenty of housing, then go for it.

Concerning Deserts

Outback Stations can be built on flat desert as well as desert hills (but not floodplains, unlike regualr farms), making desert cities a little more viable for settling. The yields will still be fairly poor until you have either the Steam Power technology (more on that in a bit), adjacent pastures or the Petra wonder.

Petra makes desert tiles for its city produce +2 food, +2 gold and +1 production, making them better than plains or grassland. Desert hills in particular become especially lucrative. Combined with Outback Stations and a pasture resource or two, you can make an incredibly powerful city with strong food, production, gold and housing alike.

Steam Power

Mines receive additional production at Industrialisation, while farm yields improve considerably with Replaceable Parts. Steam Power comes at around the same time (though you'll most likely want to head to Replaceable Parts first for Diggers). It makes Outback Stations provide +1 production per two adjacent other Outback Stations. Furthermore, it also makes Pastures provide +1 production for every adjacent Outback Station, making them particularly strong tiles.

There's two good ways of using these bonuses. One method is to construct the improvement in triangles, ensuring that every single Outback Station is adjacent to at least two others. An alternative method is to encircle pastures, giving the pasture tile immense amounts of production and also ensuring so long as there's no unsuitable terrain in the way, each Outback Station is adjacent to at least two others. Of course, you can try both methods together by simply spamming them on as many tiles as possible.

Remember that the improvement benefits from other adjacent ones even if they're outside of your city's work radius. The same is true for regular farms, but it's worth making a reminder of that fact.

Rapid Deployment

It may be very late in the game, but Outback Stations receive another boost with the atomic-era Rapid Deployment civic; this time offering extra food for the same conditions as Steam Power requires for production. The food yields will still typically be lower than you'd get from farms at this point, but the overall yields are better.

Conclusion

Australia's Outback Stations split the difference between farms and mines at worst and provide huge amounts of both food and production at their best. Anywhere next to a pasture you can build them you should, and most flat plains, flat grassland and desert tiles should have them present. Try to build them in clusters where possible for better yields after Steam Power, but you can still get a lot out of them even without that.

Unique Unit: Digger

The Digger unit almost single-handedly makes Australia a serious threat for domination victory - and even if you're not going down that path, they're an excellent choice for liberating city-states or even just defensively.

No need for oil

The key advantage Diggers have is their lack of any oil requirement. This allows you to ignore the entire bottom branch of the technology tree and just head directly to Replaceable Parts. It also allows you to train the units in large quantities with only a gold maintenance cost, and also avoids them contributing to climate change unlike regular Infantry. The last of these is rather useful if you're playing a diplomatic game but need some defence.

Defence

Diggers get a 10 point boost to strength when adjacent to the coast, making them very effective when defending your coastal cities. In those situations, they outclass Mechanised Infantry! Inland, they're only three points stronger than regular Infantry, so exploit John Curtin's production boost and overwhelm your opponents with quantity over quality.

Liberation

A reliable useful application of Diggers is liberating cities from other civs, especially if they're next to the coast. Bring Battleships to help weaken the city's defences while Diggers handle land-based warfare. A Digger on a foreign coast has a massive 93 strength - outclassing a regular Infantry army! That makes them very tough to kill before they can get the final hit on a city, capturing it.

When you liberate a city-state, you will instantly become suzerain over it but any unit close to the city centre will be pushed away a tile or two. In some instances, that can push Diggers away from the coast and into a spot where they're a little more vulnerable. As such, it may help to clear the city's surroundings of enemy units before you liberate it.

Domination

Using Diggers as part of a domination strategy requires a bit more preparation to achieve its full potential, but can result in you having an overwhelming force that virtually no-one can handle.

If possible, it'll help greatly to build Holy Sites early on and secure a religion with the Work Ethic follower belief. Having the Work Ethic follower belief provides a lot of production for further districts - focus on Campuses and to a lesser extent Commercial Hubs.

Choose Oligarchy as your first government until you build your first Government Plaza building and unlock its wildcard. Then, you can switch to Classical Republic for the time being for better city development.

Try to get a medieval-era Dark Age if you can for the Monasticism wildcard and a huge science boost, but alternatively the Free Inquiry Golden Age dedication can make Commercial Hubs a great extra source of science.

Once you've unlocked a tier two government (Monarchy is the fastest to unlock but Theocracy offers a helpful reduction to faith purchase costs), build the Grand Master's Chapel. This allows you to purchase military units with faith, which will be hugely helpful once you have Replaceable Parts.

If your science is strong, you should be able to get to Replaceable Parts and start faith-purchasing Diggers before your foes have any decent counterplay options against them. They do get a harsh damage penalty against walled cities, so consider either building some Bombards or taking a detour to Machinery for some Siege Towers.

As you conquer your way through enemy cities, liberate what you can for bonus production in your empire..

Remember that the +10 strength Diggers have on coastal tiles cancels out the -10 strength penalty for making amphibious attacks, allowing them to attack cities when embarked at a reasonable damage output - though remember units tend to lack defence if embarked and not escorted by a naval unit. If you get the Amphibious promotion, then amphibious attacks become a reliably effective option.

Obsoletion

The Satellites technology obsoletes Diggers, so if you're going for a scientific victory, there's no avoiding that. However, if you have no oil, you can still continue to train them.

Mechanised Infantry are more expensive to train than Diggers, slightly more expensive to maintain and require oil maintenance, though outside of coastal tiles they're more effective in combat.

Summary

With high strength, early arrival and a long window of usage, the Digger unit is central to Australia's warfare in the later eras. Whether you're using them for liberations, conquests or simply just defence, it's a really useful unit to have around.

Administration - Government

Note that the Administration sections strictly cover the options that have particularly good synergy with the civ's uniques. These are not necessarily the best choices, but rather options you should consider more than usual if playing this civ relative to others.

Government

Tier One

Classical Republic tends to work the best, with a good set of economic policy slots and a very helpful amenity boost which allows you to handle your larger early cities. If you intend to use Diggers aggressively later on, take Oligarchy until you've built your first Government Plaza building so you can grab the legacy card, then switch back to Classical Republic.

If your expansion is constrained or you want to build a lot of wonders, the Audience Chamber is a useful building to have (larger cities have a bigger potential for production, after all). The Ancestral Hall, however, lets you train Settlers faster and gives new cities a Builder, which is great if you want to settle lots of cities to take advantage of the district yield bonuses.

Tier Two

Merchant Republic is a reliable choice thanks to its helpful district construction bonus and array of policy card slots.

If you intend to use Diggers extensively, the Grand Master's Chapel allows you to use your strong Holy Site faith to purchase them for a reasonably affordable price. Otherwise, build the Intelligence Agency for the extra Spy and Spy capacity. You'll have a lot of districts in your empire, and having more Spies to protect them will be a good idea.

Tier Three

For a scientific game, Communism is ideal both due to the science bonus and the production boost which John Curtin's leader ability can build upon. For domination, take Fascism.

The Royal Society is typically your best choice of tier three building for a scientific game as it lets you speed up the production of space projects even further with Builders. For domination, take the War Department.

Tier Four

Synthetic Technocracy speeds up space race project production, and as such is ideal for scientific games. Domination-inclined players may prefer the general production bonus of Corporate Libertarianism.

Administration - Policy Cards

Policy Cards

Ancient Era

Ilkum (Economic, requires Craftsmanship) - The sooner you improve pastures, the more free tiles you gain. As such, you'll want plenty of Builders early.

Urban Planning (Economic, requires Code of Laws) - Unlike many other production-boosting policy cards, this can be doubled in effect via John Curtin's leader ability, making it quite powerful if you're the target of a declaration of war early in the game.

Classical Era

Bastions (Military, requires Defensive Tactics) - This policy helps keep your cities defended so they can use the production bonus from being a target of war on other things.

Limes (Military, requires Defensive Tactics) - Defensive buildings don't contribute towards your military power rating, helping you to stay defended in case of war without necessarily putting off others from declaring war on you.

Natural Philosophy (Economic, requires Recorded History) - Australia's appeal bonuses to Campuses (and other districts) counts as adjacency, and hence will be doubled by this policy card. This can give you a pretty huge science output.

Scripture (Economic, requires Theology) - Holy Sites become even better with this bonus. One adjacent to a couple of natural wonder tiles may offer as much as 14 faith per turn now! Particularly effective in conjunction with the Work Ethic follower belief.

Medieval Era

Aesthetics (Economic, requires Medieval Faires) - Most civs struggle to get good Theatre Square adjacency bonuses (hence making it hard to use this policy card well), but Australia's civ ability can offer that.

Craftsmen (Military, requires Guilds) - Doubles Industrial Zone adjacency bonuses. That can be doubled again via John Curtin's leader ability.

Retainers (Military, requires Civil Service) - Australia can often struggle with amenities as a coastal emphasis makes it hard to use the area-of-effect bonuses of Zoos, Stadiums and the Colosseum wonder, while the housing boost from the civ ability makes each individual city demand more of them. This policy not only helps to solve that problem, but also gives you a good use for all those military units you might have spammed out in a previous war.

Serfdom (Economic, requires Feudalism) - More Builder charges means you can much more rapidly set up Outback Stations throughout your empire.

Town Charters (Economic, requires Guilds) - Enjoy masses of gold from enhanced Commercial Hubs.

Renaissance Era

Colonial Offices (Diplomatic, requires Exploration) - Australia's coastal housing boost makes them unusually good at setting up colonies overseas. Build on that with this policy card.

Free Market (Economic, requires The Enlightenment) - Australia will find it easy to reach the population and adjacency requirements for this card's full effect, maximising your gold potential from it.

Liberalism (Economic, requires The Enlightenment) - A useful source of amenities for a civ that can often struggle with them.

Rationalism (Economic, requires The Enlightenment) - Given Australia's Campus and housing bonuses, it's easy to reach both requirements for this policy card to reach its full potential, providing you with plenty of additional science.

Simultaneum (Economic, requires Reformed Church) - Need yet more faith? This policy card can add a 100% bonus to the faith output of Holy Site buildings in cities that are both size 15+ and have a Holy Site of 4+ adjacency. Australia's civ ability makes reaching that easier.

Industrial Era

Colonial Taxes (Diplomatic, requires Colonialism) - Given Australia's strong ability to settle colonies overseas thanks to the housing boost and John Curtin's civ ability, it might not be a bad idea to boost them further with this policy card.

Grand Armee (Military, requires Nationalism) - Produce Diggers even faster!

Grand Opera (Economic, requires Opera and Ballet) - Maximise your Theatre Square yields with ease.

Modern Era

Collectivisation (Economic, Communism only, requires Class Struggle) - A bit more production out of internal trading which a defensive war or a city liberation can double.

Economic Union (Economic, requires Ideology) - Offers all the advantages of Town Charters, plus double Harbour district adjacency. Doubling Harbour adjacency also doubles the production Shipyards offer. Which can be doubled again with John Curtin's leader ability.

Five Year Plan (Economic, requires Ideology) - Natural Philosophy and Craftsmen, combined into one policy card.

Martial Law (Wildcard, Fascism only, requires Totalitarianism) - Reduces war weariness, helping you fight liberation wars without your huge cities suffering too much.

New Deal (Economic, Democracy only, requires Suffrage) - A housing boost as well as amenities helps your cities to grow ever-larger without you having to dedicate high-appeal tiles to Neighbourhoods.

Propaganda (Military, requires Mass Media) - Also reduces war weariness.

Atomic Era

Cryptography (Diplomatic, requires Cold War) - Helps protect your many districts from Spies.

Sports Media (Economic, requires Professional Sports) - An updated version of Aesthetics which also makes Stadiums stronger - great for managing the amenity needs of large cities.

Information Era

Ecommerce (Economic, requires Globalisation) - The production potential is excellent anyway, but add John Curtin's leader ability on top and you're getting four extra production per trade route. Make sure all your trade routes are coming from cities working on space race projects, and you'll get them up in no time.

Administration - Age Bonuses and World Congress

Age Bonuses

Only bonuses with notable synergy with the civ's uniques are covered here.

Free Inquiry (Golden Age, Classical to Medieval eras) - A powerful early science boost if you have a lot of strong Commercial Hubs. A riverside breathtaking Commercial Hub adds +5 gold - or +5 science with this dedication. If that's not enough, it also makes eurekas more powerful.

Monasticism (Dark Age, Classical to Medieval eras) - Given the strong bonuses you get for both Campuses and Holy Sites, having lots of cities build both, then taking this wildcard can result in you having vast amounts of science. Just be sure to build some Monuments or Theatre Squares to offset the culture penalty.

Monumentality (Dedication, Classical to Renaissance eras) - Considering Australia's civ ability encourages you to build a lot of districts, this dedication may be a better source of era score than the others.

Hic Sunt Dracones (Golden Age, Renaissance to Modern eras) - Given your housing bonus for coast-adjacent cities, you won't end up losing the bonus population as soon as you settle cities on foreign continents. Meanwhile, faster embarked movement makes it easier to get your units to cities you want to liberate.

To Arms! (Dedication, Industrial to Information eras) - On foreign coasts, Diggers are as strong as Infantry armies. Destroying corps or armies with individual units already creates era score; this dedication increases it further.

Heartbeat of Steam (Golden Age, Industrial to Atomic eras) - So long as you can find breathtaking tiles and build a couple of other districts next to it, it's not hard to build lots of Campuses of at least +4 adjacency. Add the Natural Philosophy policy card, and it's up to +8. Add this dedication, and it'll produce +8 production for the city. Finally, add John Curtin's leader ability and it's up to +16. And that's the low end of what you can achieve - Campuses next to a lot of mountains could be worth +24 production or more!

To Arms! (Golden Age, Industrial to Information eras) - By minimising your grievances, you can capture more cities alongside your liberations without angering other civs. The unit production bonus available will help you train new Diggers to aid with that, as well.

Collectivism (Dark Age, Modern to Information eras) - Though the loss of Great Person Points will be quite painful, and you won't gain much from the farm bonus, doubling Industrial Zone adjacency can mean quite a lot coupled with John Curtin's leader ability. Consider very carefully whether taking this is a good idea or not, as the downside is quite significant.

Cyber Warfare (Dark Age, Information to Future eras) - An excellent choice if you're low on strategic resources but want to carry out liberations. This makes Diggers fight information-era units and later more effectively than Mechanised Infantry.

World Congress

How you should vote in the World Congress will often be specific to your game - if you have a strong rival, for example, it might be better to vote to hurt them than to help yourself. Furthermore, there may be general bonuses to your chosen victory route or gameplay which are more relevant than ones that have stronger synergy with civ-specific bonuses. Otherwise, here's a list of key votes that have high relevance for this civ relative to other civs.

Border Control Treaty - Effect A (New districts built by this player act as culture bombs) on yourself

The appeal of a tile is determined by what tiles are next to it. If tiles next to a district are controlled by another civ, they can remove woods, build Encampments or take other actions that can cost you appeal, and therefore bonuses.

City-State Emergency - Vote in favour

Liberating city-states instantly makes you suzerain, and gives you 10 turns of +100% production in all cities, as well as diplomatic favour. Plus you can get the rewards of this emergency on top!

Mercenary Companies - Effect B (Producing, or purchasing military units using the chosen currency type, is -50% of the cost until the next World Congress) on faith if you're using the Grand Master's Chapel

Faith-purchasing is a great way to acquire Digger units as you can accumulate a lot of faith fairly early on.

Military Advisory - Effect A (Units of the chosen land promotion class gain +5 strength) on melee infantry units around the time Diggers are relevant

Makes the units even harder to counter.

Urban Development Treaty - Effect A (+100% production towards buildings in this district) on Campuses or Industrial Zones

Getting to Replaceable Parts quickly for Diggers requires all the science you can get. Alternatively, you can prepare to use John Curtin's leader ability more effectively with extra production.

Administration - Pantheons, Religion and City-States

Pantheons

Divine Spark - All three of the districts affected are boosted by Australia's civ ability, so this bonus is easy to get a lot out of.

Fertility Rites - The advantage is small, but helps you hit your high initial housing cap sooner. Also grants a free Builder.

God of Craftsmen - A bit of a gamble considering you won't know where most strategic resources are at this stage of the game, but the production will be boosted with John Curtin's leader ability later.

God of the Open Sky - Not only will this make pasture tiles even more lucrative, but the culture bonus will help you unlock Outback Stations sooner.

God of the Sea - Australia's maritime emphasis means you might be able to get an awful lot of production out of this. Quite possibly the best choice around for the civ.

Lady of the Reeds and Marshes - It's a direct production bonus, which means John Curtin can double it. Two of the three affected tiles are only found in desert regions, but thankfully Outback Stations make them more viable to settle cities in.

Religious Beliefs

You can have one founder, one follower, one enhancer and one worship belief.

Crusade (Enhancer) - Considering you have an incentive to liberate cities of other civs (which typically requires war) and a faith bonus, you might as well put the two together. The defensive counterpart, Defender of the Faith, might be a poor choice as it may put off other civs from declaring war on you.

Feed the World (Follower) - A good bonus to use if you're short on pasture resources but still want to make use of Outback Stations, as the food on offer makes up for the lower amount of food Outback Stations produce relative to farms.

Gurdwara (Worship) - Complements Feed the World well.

Jesuit Education (Follower) - An excellent backup choice if you can't get Work Ethic as it allows you to use Australia's decent faith yield to make their good Campuses and Theatre Squares even better.

Meeting House (Worship) - Any direct bonus to production (which isn't a percentage modifier) is powerful for Australia as John Curtin can double it. This is no exception.

Stupa (Worship) - Australia can often struggle with amenities, so this is a good choice.

Warrior Monks (Follower) - A backup if you can't get Work Ethic; the reason for picking up this belief is the Holy Site culture bomb. Let's say you've found a good mountain range, or other such high-appeal area, but you only own one tile of it. With this belief, you can build a Holy Site on that tile to steal some more, letting you get multiple good districts out of the location. It doesn't hurt that Holy Sites themselves add extra appeal to adjacent tiles.

Work Ethic (Follower) - By far the best belief for Australia as strong Holy Sites can now be great sources of production - particularly with John Curtin's leader ability.

Zen Meditation (Follower) - Another handy source of amenities.

City-States

Akkad (Militaristic) - Allows you to siege down enemy cities with ease with Diggers alone.

Auckland (Industrial) - Be nice to New Zealand and they'll reward you with great coastal production. Like all direct production yield bonuses, John Curtin can double it.

Buenos Aires (Industrial) - A source of amenities to help handle Australia's often strained amenity situation.

Cardiff (Industrial) - Industrial Zones cause negative appeal, and the Australian civ ability doesn't boost Industrial Zones, so it can be helpful to secure an alternative source of power.

Geneva (Scientific) - Help capitalise on Australia's high science output. The bonus only works when you're at peace, but if someone declares war on you, you'll get your powerful production bonus. Either way is good.

Johannesburg (Industrial) - An extra production bonus John Curtin's leader ability can double.

Mitla (Scientific) - Australia can create powerful Campuses, so you'll want plenty of them anyway. The city growth bonuses Mitla offers in cities with a Campus present makes it a lot easier to fill the higher housing limit.

Mogadishu (Trade) - A very maritime-focused civ can be vulnerable to enemy Barbarian pillagers (or even naval invasions from other civs). Mogadishu's bonus puts an end to that problem. Well, at least for trade routes.

Mohenjo Daro (Cultural) - Sometimes you can't find a good city spot that's both next to a river and the sea. Mohenjo Daro stops you needing to worry about that - at least until you lose suzerain status.

Muscat (Trade) - You'll get bonus gold from Commercial Hubs, and may have problems with amenities. Muscat puts the two together, giving you effective relief from all lack-of-amenity related ailments.

Nan Madol (Cultural) - Australia's maritime focus alone would be enough to encourage being suzerain over his city-state, but what makes it even better is the fact many of the tiles with the best appeal are next to the coast, making it easy to use the +2 culture bonus offered here.

Nazca (Religious) - Nazca Lines can combine nicely with desert Outback Stations for some great yields in otherwise poor locations.

Singapore (Industrial) - Some extra production John Curtin's leader ability can boost.

Valletta (Militaristic) - Use your impressive faith output to rapidly develop new cities, or improve their defensive capabilities without having to spare production.

Zanzibar (Trade) - Up to 12 amenities spread across your empire, assuming you have at least six cities. That should help handle Australia's tricky amenity situation.

Administration - Wonders

Wonders

Hanging Gardens (Ancient era, Irrigation technology) - A growth bonus helps your cities reach Australia's higher housing cap sooner, while the two points of housing on offer can make the city that builds it powerful indeed.

Oracle (Ancient era, Mysticism civic) - This offers a good way of using your Holy Site faith if you're not after a religious victory.

Temple of Artemis (Ancient era, Archery technology) - A coastal city with access to fresh water and this wonder will be up to 11 housing, and 13 with a Granary. Supply it with plenty of food and it'll become quite a powerhouse ready to build more wonders later.

Colosseum (Classical era, Games and Recreation civic) - Australia's fast growth will strain your amenities. Though coastal emphasis might make it hard to get the full potential effect of this wonder, getting a few more amenities will be helpful nonetheless.

Machu Picchu (Classical era, Engineering technology) - Mountains provide extra appeal, and with this wonder, they can make some excellent Commercial Hubs and Theatre Squares.

Petra (Classical era, Mathematics technology) - A Petra city with Outback Stations present will soon be a behemoth. What you want to do with the city next is up to you.

Kilwa Kisiwani (Medieval era, Machinery technology) - When you liberate a city-state, you instantly become suzerain over it. Liberate enough, and this wonder can provide you with some helpful empire-wide bonuses.

Kotoko-In (Medieval era, Divine Right civic) - A city with a particularly high faith output (such as one with a Holy Site adjacent to multiple natural wonder tiles) will produce even more with this wonder. It's a low-priority one for Australia on the whole unless you really want those Warrior Monks.

Forbidden City (Renaissance era, Printing technology) - With a leader bonus dependent on reacting to what other civs do, you need a government that's flexible. The Forbidden City's extra wildcard policy slot really helps with that.

Great Zimbabwe (Renaissance era, Banking technology) - Outback Stations encourage you to settle near cattle, and stronger Commercial Hub yields on top means it's not too hard to meet the awkward positioning requirements for this wonder. It offers lots of gold and an extra trade route, which is useful for any playstyle.

St. Basil's Cathedral (Renaissance era, Reformed Church civic) - Akin to Petra for tundra cities, though the yield potential isn't quite as high, especially as you can't build Outback Stations on tundra tiles. Nonetheless, forested tundra hills with lumber mills (particularly riverside ones) will create a lot of production that John Curtin can double.

Big Ben (Industrial era, Economics technology) - An extra economic policy card does a lot of good for a civ like Australia which can benefit from quite a few offering adjacency bonuses. Economics leads into Replaceable Parts, which is required to construct Diggers, so you should be able to have a decent stab at the wonder.

Oxford University (Industrial era, Scientific Theory technology) - Somewhere you should hopefully be able to have a Campus with really good mountain adjacency bonuses, even if it's just one city. Oxford University can build upon that city's high science output.

Ruhr Valley (Industrial era, Industrialisation technology) - The production multiplier stacks additively, not multiplicatively, with John Curtin's leader ability, but the extra mine and quarry production still works well with it. If you can get this and Petra in the same city, you'll have the game's most productive city by far - giving you a great advantage for other wonders or space projects.

Eiffel Tower (Modern era, Steel technology) - The key wonder for Australia. This makes all charming tiles breathtaking, which can greatly improve your empire's science, culture, gold and faith. It also denies cultural civs a major boost to their tourism, so that's a plus as well.

Golden Gate Bridge (Modern era, Combustion technology) - Instantly makes all tiles of 0 appeal or higher in its city breathtaking, though the strict placement requirements can make it hard to use.

Amundsen-Scott Research Station (Atomic era, Rapid Deployment civic) - The production bonus is nice, but what's really powerful is the science boost of up to 40%. Considering how strong your Campuses are, this will help you zoom through the last few technologies, ensuring your science can keep up with how quickly you'll be getting through space projects.

Biosphère (Atomic era, Synthetic Materials technology) - Cancels out the appeal penalties of rainforest and marsh, and also makes renewable energy a considerably better source of power. This is helpful considering Australia doesn't have bonuses to Industrial Zones and they create negative appeal.

Estádio do Maracanã (Atomic era, Professional Sports civic) - Wave goodbye to your irritating amenity problems!

Administration - Great People

Great People

Great Generals and Admirals are only mentioned if their retirement bonuses have specific synergy with the civ; not merely for providing a strength bonus to a unique unit.

Classical Era

Trưng Trắc (Great General) - Permanently reduces war weariness by 25%, making your large cities a bit easier to manage in war-time.

Medieval Era

Bi Sheng (Great Engineer) - Extra district capacity in a city helps you to get as much out of Australia's civ ability as possible while your cities are still not big enough to simply build every district.

James of St. George (Great Engineer) - Can quickly make three cities well-defended. If you're in the game of trying to encourage other civs to declare war on you, hold off from using him until the war starts, so you can surprise them with unexpectedly strong city defences.

Hildegard of Bingen (Great Scientist) - Makes a strong Holy Site into a second Campus of sorts.

Renaissance Era

Galileo Galilei (Great Scientist) - Mountain-heavy areas produce the best Campus and Holy Site yields, and also the most science from Galileo.

Industrial Era

Charles Darwin (Great Scientist) - If you've exploited the fact Holy Sites adjacent to at least two natural wonder tiles make amazing yields for Australia, you can also exploit Charles Darwin's boost to science.

James Watt (Great Engineer) - Permanently makes all your Factories stronger. Potentially, with John Curtin's bonus on top, that could be an extra +4 production in every city - and a lot more for a city with Governor Magnus (the Steward) with the Vertical Integration promotion.

John Spilsbury (Great Merchant) - One of four Great Merchants offering unique luxuries, and with them precious, precious amenities.

Modern Era

Alvar Aalto (Great Engineer) - Use this bonus carefully, and you could bump multiple districts from charming to breathtaking, giving you a reasonable boost to various yields in the process.

Joaquim Marques Lisboa (Great Admiral) - War weariness is a pain for Australia, which can often struggle for amenities. Getting a permanent reduction to it is very welcome.

Nikola Tesla (Great Engineer) - Permanently boosts Factory production, which goes nicely with John Curtin's leader ability.

Atomic Era

Helena Rubenstein (Great Merchant) - Offers unique luxuries, and with it, extra amenities.

Jane Drew (Great Engineer) - More amenities to help support your high-population empire.

John Roebling (Great Engineer) - Even more amenities to support an empire that needs plenty of them.

Levi Strauss (Great Merchant) - Offers unique luxuries and hence more amenities.

Information Era

Charles Correa (Great Engineer) - Boosts the city's appeal by +2 for all its tiles. That will uplift all charming-tier tiles into breathtaking.

Estée Lauder (Great Merchant) - The final of four Great Merchants offering unique luxuries, only this time producing six amenities instead of four.

Kenzo Tange (Great Engineer) - Get tourism based on a city's adjacency bonuses, which are likely to be high for Australia.

Counter-Strategies (Part 1/2)

Australia might seem like a scary behemoth invulnerable to attack, but their favoured playstyle can expose some weaknesses that most civs lack.

Civilization Ability: Land Down Under

Housing Bonus

If Australia can't settle next to the sea, they can't get the housing bonus. You don't necessarily have to take coastal spots to deny them to Australia - you can try placing cities on rivers close to the coast.

Alternatively, if you want to be particularly cruel, you could plant Scouts on riverside coastal tiles near Australia. Either they'd have to start a war (forgoing their strength bonus from being a target of war) or go somewhere else.

Because Australia tends to settle directly on the coast, and have no naval military bonuses until someone declares war on them, they're very vulnerable to a naval invasion. That's something to keep in mind if you're playing as a civ like England, Brazil, Norway or Phoenicia. Furthermore, a coastal-focused empire tends to be quite long and snaky, which can be vulnerable even in land-based warfare. Just taking a single city can split Australia in two!

Pasture Culture Bomb

You're fairly unlikely to be heavily affected by this, but just be aware that settling very close to an Australian city might allow them to take land off you if there's a pasture resource near them. Just avoid trying to improve those particular tiles unless Australia's already built a pasture there.

Appeal Boosts District Yields

This mostly becomes a problem for you if Australia can secure a strong mountain range, as both their science and faith output can become very powerful. Mountain ranges near coasts should be kept out of Australia's hands if possible. Australia isn't particularly good at offensive wars early in the game so settling land they want is unlikely to result in fierce retribution. Not yet, anyway. Just be aware that settling too close to Australia will result in huge loyalty penalties - particularly considering their tendency towards large cities - so have a spare Governor at the ready to help with that.

If Australia builds a Campus, Commercial Hub, Holy Site or Theatre Square district on your border, you can weaken it by placing things that lower appeal. Encampments, Industrial Zones and mines are good options.

In warfare, you can obviously pillage the high-yield districts, but you can also pillage the tiles next to them; pillaged tiles reduce the appeal of adjacent tiles by 1, which may be enough to take the districts out of breathtaking or charming status. If you aim to take the city, that may be a better move considering improvements are easier to fix than pillaged districts.

John Curtin's Leader Ability: Citadel of Civilization

Defensive Production

This is a nasty little ability to play against, as a typical way of countering a more peaceful civ - warfare - is turned against you. Thankfully, there's a few strategies you can employ to deal with this as a warmonger:

• Spend lots of time preparing for the war, march right up to Australia's borders, then declare war and aim to take out Australia's key cities as quickly as possible. If you can manage this in three or fewer turns, you should be fine.
  
• Alternatively, fight a war of attrition. Start out by using fast units to pillage Australia's tiles, then retreat to defensive terrain. After ten turns, Australia loses their production advantage allowing you to advance once more.
  
• Start a joint war against Australia. They'll only get ten turns of doubled production (it doesn't accumulate), but will have to defend against two civs instead of one.
  
• Attack them from two angles consecutively - attack from the sea at first, encouraging them to spend all their production bonus on naval units, then bring in your land units after a few turns.
  
• Ensure they're attacking you instead - starting an emergency by capturing a city-state they have envoys present in is a good way to encourage that.

Liberation Production

Australia also gets 10 turns of +100% production if they liberate a city. In almost all cases, you'll want to avoid that from happening. Any city you didn't found should be well-defended, and you should be sure to surround an Australian city before you take it over so they can't flip it back, or else raze it.

Consider also the position of other civs which may have taken cities. Major warmongers will probably not be prone to having cities liberated off them by Australia, but smaller civs which may have picked off a city-state or two early in the game could be vulnerable. If you're a warmonger, you might want to invade such civs sooner before Australia can exploit their bonus.

Alternatively, this bonus can make Australia a reasonable ally in emergencies involving city liberation (notably city-state emergencies) as they'll have a strong incentive to join in. Obviously, you should try and be the one to liberate the target city first before they can.

John Curtin's Agenda: Perpetually on Guard

John Curtin is no fan of warmongers, especially ones that capture cities. He likes those that liberate cities. He will never have the Darwinist hidden agenda as it conflicts with his main one.

For peaceful civs, John Curtin can be a reasonably good ally to have considering his defensive advantages, though meeting the requirement of liberating a city can be tricky - look out for city-states to liberate as you'll instantly become suzerain and enjoy some nice rewards from it..

Warmongers, however, are put in an interesting position. The more a civ hates you, the more likely they are to fight you. By taking cities off a different civ first, you can encourage Australia to declare war on you, which means they don't get their doubled production for ten turns for being a target of war.

Counter-Strategies (Part 2/2)

Unique Unit: Digger

The main thing that makes Diggers terrifying is how quickly they can be researched relative to regular Infantry. Australia can completely avoid the lower branch of the technology tree as they won't need oil.

As a consequence, if you want to attack Australia, click on the technology tree and check their research progress. If they're at or near the modern era, it's a good idea to avoid them until you can get modern-era units of your own. Otherwise, it helps to fight Australia early - so long as you can deal with their +100% production bonus.

If Australia is threatening to invade you and you have no decent units, invest in defensive buildings. Diggers deal 85% less damage against city defences, and they can't circumvent that with a Siege Tower in cities with renaissance walls. Use ranged attacks to destroy any siege weapons they send your way.

Diggers in Australia's home territory are just three points stronger than Infantry if not on the coast - the Battlecry promotion is enough to close the gap. However, you may instead want to use your oil resources on Tanks, which are stronger and more mobile.

The +10 strength bonus Diggers have on coastal tiles cancels out the -10 strength penalty for amphibious attacks. As such, they can be just as much of a threat attacking from the sea as they are from land. Don't neglect your navy - even outdated naval units can do decent damage against embarked Diggers.

Unique Improvement: Outback Station

The fewer pasture resources Australia has, the less effective their Outback Stations are. Eventually, they're going to have to choose whether to go for higher appeal areas or areas with more pasture resources - by settling cities right in Australia's way, you can force their hand. Usually, they'll get more out of high-appeal coastal tiles than areas with a few pasture resources, so keep that in mind if you're settling to deny them good spots.

Pastures gain production from adjacent Outback Stations after Steam Power. That's not to say they have to be your Outback Stations. If you have some pastures on Australia's border, you could potentially get a decent production boost off them.

In war, consider pillaging the pastures first before the Outback Stations. Part of that is because it'll drop the city's food yields, and part of that is Outback Stations heal your units when you pillage them - it's better to delay pillaging them until you need the health.

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Gathering Storm

Compilation Guides

• Civ summaries (Start here for an introduction for all civs)
  
• Civ-specific tricks, secrets and clarifications (Ideal for more experienced players)

Individual Civilization Guides

• America - no additional content* (Cultural/Diplomatic/Domination)
  
• America - all additional content* (Cultural/Diplomatic/Domination/Scientific)
  
• Arabia (Domination/Religious/Scientific)
  
• Australia (Domination/Scientific)
  
• Aztecs (Domination)
  
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• Japan (All)
  
• Khmer (Cultural/Religious)
  
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• Korea (Scientific)
  
• Macedon (Domination/Scientific)
  
• Mali (Diplomatic/Religious)
  
• Māori (Cultural/Religious)
  
• Mapuche (Cultural/Domination)
  
• Maya (Scientific)
  
• Mongolia (Domination)
  
• Netherlands (Scientific)
  
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• Nubia (Domination)
  
• Ottomans (Domination)
  
• Persia (Cultural/Domination)
  
• Phoenicia (Domination)
  
• Poland (Cultural/Domination/Religious)
  
• Portugal (Diplomatic/Scientific)
  
• Rome (Domination)
  
• Russia (Cultural/Religious)
  
• Scotland (Scientific)
  
• Scythia (Domination/Religious)
  
• Spain (Domination/Religious/Scientific)
  
• Sumeria (Diplomatic/Domination/Scientific)
  
• Sweden (Cultural/Diplomatic)
  
• Vietnam (Cultural/Domination)
  
• Zulus (Domination)

*The Teddy Roosevelt Persona Pack splits Roosevelt's leader ability in two, meaning the game with it is substantially different from without - hence two different versions of the America guide. Lincoln was added later and is only covered in the latter guide.

Other civs with alternative leader personas are not split because the extra personas added in later content do not change the existing gameplay - as such the guides are perfectly usable by players without them.

Rise and Fall

These guides are for those with the Rise and Fall expansion, but not Gathering Storm. They are no longer updated and have not been kept up to date with patches released since Gathering Storm. To look at them, click here to open the Rise and Fall Civ Summaries guide. The "Other Guides" section of every Rise and Fall guide has links to every other Rise and Fall guide.

Vanilla

The Vanilla guides are for those without the Rise and Fall or Gathering Storm expansions. These guides are no longer updated and have not been kept up to date with patches released since Rise and Fall. To look at them, click here to open the Vanilla Civ Summaries guide. The "Other Guides" section of every Vanilla guide has links to every other Vanilla guide.

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[emperororca]

holy mother of god is this extensive.
thank you for making this, 1 hour of my life down the drain