Zigzagzigal's Guides - Ottomans (GS)

The Ottomans have advantages in nearly every aspect of warfare from sieges, to strategic resources, to amenities and more. Here, I detail Ottoman strategies and counter-strategies - for both personas of Suleiman.

Introduction

Following this guide requires the Gathering Storm expansion.

Furthermore, it is written with the assumption you have all Civ 6 content released prior to the Leaders Pass:

• Pre-Rise and Fall content packs
  
  • Vikings, Poland, Australia, Persia/Macedon, Nubia, Khmer/Indonesia
• Rise and Fall Expansion
  
• New Frontier content packs
  
  • Maya/Grand Colombia, Ethiopia, Byzantium/Gauls, Babylon, Vietnam/Kublai Khan, Portugal

These content packs include exclusive civs, city-states, districts, buildings, wonders, natural wonders, resources, and a disaster, but not core game mechanics - all you need is the base game and the Gathering Storm expansion for those.

The Leaders Pass is only relevant when playing as or against leaders released in its content packs; otherwise it makes no difference to the game.

I myself, the Qaysar-i Rūm, am known under varying names.
Lawgiver, First, Magnificent, the past through which history frames.
Only one aim have I: believing, this worship bygone from those who speak for me.
Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many are the versions of the story.

How to use this guide

This guide is divided into multiple sections explaining how best to use and play against this specific civ.

• The Outline details the mechanics of how the civilization's unique features work and what their start bias is if they have one.
  
• The Victory Skew section describes to what extent the civ (and its individual leaders where applicable) is inclined towards particular victory routes. This is not a rating of its power, but an indicator of the most appropriate route to victory.
  
• Multiple sections for Uniques explain in detail how to use each special bonus of the civilization.
  
• Administration describes some of the most synergistic governments, government buildings, policy cards, age bonuses, pantheons, religious beliefs, wonders, city-states and Great People for the civ. Only the ones with the most synergy with the civ's uniques are mentioned - these are not necessarily the "best" choices when playing as the civ for a given victory route.
  
• Finally, the Counter-Strategies discusses how best to play against the civ, including a consideration of leader agendas if the civ is controlled by a computer.

Note that all costs (production, science, etc.) mentioned within the guide assume a game played on the normal speed settings. To modify these values for other game speeds:

• Online: Divide by 2
  
• Quick: Divide by 1.5
  
• Epic: Multiply by 1.5
  
• Marathon: Multiply by 3

Glossary

Terminology used in this guide and not in-game is explained here.

AoE (Area of Effect) - Bonuses or penalties that affect multiple tiles in a set radius. Positive examples include Factories (which offer production to cities within a 6 tile radius unless they're within range of another building of the same type) and a negative example is nuclear weapons, which cause devastation over a wide radius.

Beelining - Obtaining a technology or civic quickly by only researching it and its prerequisites. Some deviation is allowed in the event that taking a technology or civic off the main track provides some kind of advantage that makes up for that (either a source of extra science/culture or access to something necessary for a eureka or inspiration boost)

CA (Civ Ability) - The unique ability of a civilization, shared by all its leaders.

Compact empires - Civs with cities close together (typically 3-4 tile gaps between city centres). This is useful if you want to make use of districts that gain adjacency bonuses from other districts, or to maximise the potential of area-of-effect bonuses later in the game.

Dispersed empires - Civs with cities that are spread out (typically 5-6 tile gaps between city centres). Civs with unique tile improvements generally favour a more dispersed empire in order to make use of them, as do civs focused on wonder construction.

GPP - Short for Great Person Points. Districts, buildings and wonders generate these points and with enough you can claim a Great Person of the corresponding type.

GWAM - Collective name for Great Writers, Artists and Musicians. All of them can produce Great Works that offer tourism and culture, making them important to anyone seeking a cultural victory.

LA (Leader Ability) - The unique ability of a specific leader. Usually but not always, they tend to be more specific in scope than civ abilities. Some leader abilities come with an associated unique unit or infrastucture.

Prebuilding - Training a unit with the intention of upgrading it to a desired unit later. An example is building Slingers and upgrading them once Archery is unlocked.

Sniping - Targeting a specific city for capture directly, ignoring other enemy cities along the way. Typically used in the context of "capital sniping" - taking a civ's original capital as quickly as possible to contribute towards domination victory without leading to a drawn-out war.

Start bias - The kind of terrain, terrain feature or resource a civilization is more likely to start near. This is typically used for civilizations that have early bonuses dependent on a particular terrain type. There are five tiers of start bias; civs with a tier 1 start bias are placed before civs of tier 2 and so on, increasing their odds of receiving a favourable starting location.

Super-uniques - Unique units that do not replace any others. Examples include India's Varu and Mongolia's Keshigs.

Tall empires - Empires that emphasise city development over expansion, usually resulting in fewer, but bigger, cities.

Uniques - Collective name for civ abilities, leader abilities, unique units, unique buildings, unique districts and unique improvements.

UA (Unique Ability) - A collective name for leader abilities and civ abilities.

UB (Unique Building) - A special building which may only be constructed in the cities of a single civilization, which replaces a normal building and offers a special advantage on top.

UD (Unique District) - A special district which may only be constructed in the cities of a single civilization, which replaces a normal district, costs half as much to build and offers some unique advantages on top.

UI (Unique Improvement) - A special improvement that can only be built by the Builders of a single civilization. "UI" always refers to unique improvements in my guides and not to "user interface" or "unique infrastructure".

UU (Unique Unit) - A special unit that may only be trained by a single civilization, and in some cases only when that civilization is led by a specific leader.

Wide empires - Empires that emphasise expansion over city development, usually resulting in more, but smaller, cities.

Outline (Part 1/2)

Start Bias

The Ottomans have a tier 4 start bias towards nitre resources. Nitre is required for both Janissaries and Bombards, both of which are powerful units in the Ottomans' hands. While nitre isn't revealed until the medieval-era Military Engineering technology, placing a district on a tile that is later revealed to contain nitre will still allow you to obtain the resource.

Civilization Ability: Great Turkish Bombard

• +50% production when training siege units
  
• Siege units gain +5 bombard strength when attacking city defences
  
• Capturing cities does not cause them to lose population
  
• Cities owned but not founded by the Ottomans gain +1 amenity and +4 loyalty per turn.

Kanuni Suleiman's Leader Ability: Grand Vizier

• In addition to the regular seven Governors, may recruit Governor Ibrahim (the Grand Vizier).
  
  • As a unique Governor, Ibrahim cannot be targeted by the World Congress resolution Governance Doctrine.
• Receive a free Governor title at the renaissance-era Gunpowder technology.

Note: These bonuses are identical to Suleiman's regular abilities for those not using the Great Commanders Leader Pack.

Grand Vizier Ibrahim

Eligible Cities	Time to Establish	Loyalty Boost	Initial Bonus
An owned city, or the current capital city of another full civ you are not at war with.	3 turns	8	Pasha : +20% production when training any military unit in this city If Ibrahim is present in a city owned by another civ, they receive this bonus.

Promotion	Prerequisite	Effect
Head Falconer	Pasha	All owned military and religious units fighting within this city's territory gain +5
Serasker	Pasha	All owned military units within 10 tiles of this city gain +10 when attacking city defences
Khass-Oda-Bashi	Head Falconer	When present in the capital of an allied civ, gain +0.5 alliance points per turn.
Capou Agha	Serasker	When present in the capital of another civ, they lose 1 grievance per turn against you.
Grand Vizier	Khass-Oda-Bashi or Capou Agha	When present in the capital of another civ, their cities impose no loyalty pressure against yours.

Kanuni Suleiman's Unique Unit: Janissary

A renaissance-era melee infantry unit which replaces the Musketman

Research	Obsoletion	Upgrades from	Upgrades to	Cost	Resource	Maintenance
Gunpowder Technology Renaissance era	Military Science ** Technology Industrial era	Man-at-Arms (10 10 )	Line Infantry (490 20 )	120 or 480 or 240 *	10	4

*Purchasing units with faith requires the Grand Master's Chapel government building, which requires either the medieval-era Divine Right or renaissance-era Exploration civics.

**If you have insufficient nitre, you may continue to train Janissary units even beyond researching Military Science.

Strength	Ranged Strength	Moves	Range	Sight	Negative Attributes	Positive Attributes
60	N/A	2	N/A	2	May only be trained/purchased in cities of at least size 2 population. Training/purchasing Janissaries in cities founded by the Ottomans costs the city 1 population. Deals -85% damage to city walls and urban defences	+5 vs. anti-cavalry units Starts with 10 XP (enough for the first promotion), unless upgraded from a unit with 10 XP or more already.

Negative changes

• May only be trained/purchased in cities of at least size 2 population.
  
• Training/purchasing Janissaries in cities founded by the Ottomans costs the city 1 population.
  
• Costs 490 gold to upgrade to Line Infantry, up from 250 (+96%)

Positive changes

• Costs 120 production/480 gold/240 faith, down from 240/960/480 to train (-50%)
  
• Costs 10 gold to upgrade to from a Man-at-Arms, down from 150 (-93%)
  
• Costs 10 nitre to train, down from 20 (-50%)
  
• 60 strength, up from 55
  
• Starts with a free promotion
  
  • Upgrading a unit to a Janissary will provide you with enough experience for its next promotion.

Muhteşem Suleiman's Leader Ability: The Magnificent

• During a Normal or Dark Age: All units gain +4 Strength vs. other civs in a Normal or Dark Age
  
• During a Golden or Heroic Age: All cities generate +15% science and culture per turn.
  
  • This is applied at the city level, so the culture boost helps accumulate tiles faster.

Outline (Part 2/2)

Unique Unit: Barbary Corsair

A medieval-era naval raider unit which replaces the Privateer

Research	Obsoletion	Upgrades from	Upgrades to	Cost	Resource	Maintenance
Medieval Faires Civic Medieval era	Electricity * Technology Modern era	None	Submarine (490 1 )	240 or 960 or 480 *	None	3

*If you have no access to oil, you may continue to train Barbary Corsair units even beyond researching Electricity.

Strength	Ranged Strength	Moves	Range	Sight	Negative Attributes	Positive Attributes
40	50	4	N/A	2	Deals -50% damage to city walls and urban defences Unable to capture cities Does not exert zone of control	Ignores zone of control Invisible to other civs unless it's in the sight range of their city centre, Encampment district, Destroyer unit or is adjacent to any of their other units. May coastal raid for no movement point cost, pillaging an adjacent land tile or capturing an unescorted civilian unit

Negative changes

• Costs 490 gold to upgrade to a Submarine, up from 410 (+20%)

Positive changes

• Unlocked at the medieval-era Medieval Faires civic, instead of the renaissance-era Mercantilism civic
  
  • This means classical-era Great Admirals improve the movement speed and strength of these units, but renaissance-era Great Admirals do not.
• Costs 240 production/960 gold/480 faith, down from 280/1120/560 to train (-14%)
  
• Maintenance cost of 3 gold, down from 4 (-25%)
  
• Coastal raids cost no movement points

Unique Building: Grand Bazaar

A renaissance-era Commercial Hub building which replaces the Bank

Research	Prerequisites	Required to build	Cost	Maintenance	Pillage Yield
Banking Technology Renaissance era	Commercial Hub Market	Stock Exchange	220 or 440	None	50

Fixed yields	Other yields	Citizen slots	Great Person points	Miscellaneous effects
5	1 per improved luxury resource within the city's limits	1 Merchant (4 if filled)	1	The first copy of each improved strategic resource in the city limits produces +1 copy of their resource per turn

Positive changes

• Costs 220 production/880 gold, down from 290/1160 (-24%)
  
• 1 amenity per improved luxury resource within the city's limits
  
• Improved strategic resources produce +1 copy of their resource per turn

Victory Skew

In this section, the civ is subjectively graded based on how much it leans towards a specific victory type - not how powerful it is. Scores of 3 or more mean the civ has at least a minor advantage towards the victory route.

Leader	Culture	Diplomacy	Domination	Religion	Science
Kanuni Suleiman	3/10 (Acceptable)	5/10 (Decent)	10/10 (Ideal)	3/10 (Acceptable)	5/10 (Decent)
Muhteşem Suleiman	5/10 (Decent)	4/10 (Acceptable)	9/10 (Ideal)	3/10 (Acceptable)	8/10 (Good)

Cultural games aren't really all that effective with the Ottomans. Being able to keep the population of big conquered cities can help with wonder construction, but the need for warfare can get in the way of things like the tourism boost from international trade. Muhteşem Suleiman's empire-wide culture bonuses in Golden/Heroic Ages do help somewhat in civic accumulation, but you'd be better off with a different route.

Diplomatic victory is a possibility, but requires the Ottomans to substantially downplay their more significant domination advantages in favour of using their army for warfare-based emergencies. The Grand Bazaar building incentivises building lots of Commercial Hubs and hence you'll have plenty of gold for aid emergencies. Kanuni Suleiman can use Governor Ibrahim to help you develop alliances faster, and eliminate grievance penalties faster as well, maximising your diplomatic favour gain.

Domination is by far the best route for the Ottomans, and they are one of the game's most inclined civs towards the victory route with bonuses to a huge variety of aspects of warfare. For setup, you have cheap siege units, cheap Privateers and even a cheap Bank. The Grand Bazaar provides extra strategic resources as well, letting you support an even bigger army. The civ ability helps you rip through enemy defences and alievates the problems of captured city loyalty. But that's not all - Kanuni Suleiman can use Governor Ibrahim to speed up military production and sieges even further, while Janissaries are powerful, cheap frontline units which can dominate the renaissance-era battlefield. Muhteşem Suleiman gets a useful all-round strength bonus in Normal/Dark Ages, and the science boost helps you keep up in military technology. Overall Kanuni Suleiman is slightly better at domination - but Muhteşem Suleiman is still excellent.

The Ottomans aren't really built for the religious game. Kanuni Suleiman's Governor Ibrahim can offer a little edge in theological combat in a city and via faster-developing religious alliances while Barbary Corsair coastal raids can provide faith, but it's not really enough to build a complete strategy around.

Science is probably the best backup strategy for the Ottomans if domination doesn't work out - especially for Muhteşem Suleiman, whose 15% science bonus from Golden/Heroic Ages is easy to maintain later in the game. Keeping the full population from captured cities means more science. Faster scientific alliance development can secure a little more on top. But don't forget the bonus strategic resources on offer via the Grand Bazaar building - coal, oil and uranium helps with developing a power infrastructure, and that together with bonus aluminium can help speed up the exoplanet mission.

Civilization Ability: Great Turkish Bombard (Part 1/4)

No-one tears down city defences like the Ottomans do, and few warmongers get as much out of the cities they take. Together, these bonuses outline an important point: You shouldn't wait until the Ottoman UUs become available before starting a war. You'll want to start sooner than that.

Starting Out

The early Ottoman game is all about preparing for your first war. Expanding to 3-4 cities quickly will help you have a decent base for research and unit production - make sure at least one of those cities is on the coast if possible so you can start training Barbary Corsairs later. You'll also want a couple of Campuses for sufficient science, so research Writing quickly. Archery will be useful for versatile Archers, but otherwise it's a good idea to beeline Engineering so you can start training Catapults.

As Kanuni Suleiman, on the civics tree, getting State Workforce and Early Empire will provide you with two Governor titles - enough to get Grand Vizier Ibrahim with the Serasker promotion. Position him in whichever city you have closest to a potential enemy's lands so you can use the powerful bonus against city defences.

With this all together, a force of Catapults, Archers and Heavy Chariots will be able to smash through city defences with ease. Catapults already are good against city defences, but add +5 strength from the Ottoman civ ability and another +10 from Ibrahim or +4 from Muhteşem Suleiman, and few civs can compare.

Taking out a civ (or at least their capital) will give you a powerful base for later warfare. As Kanuni Suleiman it's not a bad idea to focus on consolidation for a while so you can prepare for Janissary/Bombard/Barbary Corsair wars later. Make sure you have plenty of Commercial Hubs for gold and trade route capacity, Campuses for science and Monuments for culture. A couple of Encampments will help as well to grab a Great General ahead of the renaissance.

Exploring Siege Units

Now that we've got a plan for an Ottoman opening covered, let's look more closely into siege units and how the Ottoman civ ability affects them.

Siege units are a classification of land-based units which all have the following common traits:

• No policy card to speed up production, unlike most other unit types.
  
• Attacks by range; initially a range of 2, but later units can fire from further away.
  
• Because of their ranged attack, they cannot capture cities.
  
• Always deals full damage vs. city defences (walls or urban defences)
  
• Has a -17 strength penalty when attacking land units, though no penalty vs. naval units
  
• Needs at least two movement points remaining to attack.
  
• Relatively low melee strength
  
• Low number of movement points
  
• Does not impose zone of control

All together, this makes siege units relatively expensive, strong against cities, weak against land units and moderately effective against naval units. You'll never want to leave siege units out in the open as they'll die very quickly. Melee infantry units pair well with them; they can impose zone of control and soak up plenty of damage while also being able to capture cities. The Ottoman civ ability covers the downside of siege unit cost with a +50% production bonus, while building on their advantage against cities, but doesn't offer anything to help them defend.

Civilization Ability: Great Turkish Bombard (Part 2/4)

With the role of siege units covered, let's look into the four different types of generic siege unit in the game:

Unit	Unlocked	Cost	Maintenance	Melee Strength	Bombard Strength	Notes
Catapult	Engineering Technology Classical era	120	2	25	35	Catapults are the earliest siege unit and lacks a resource requirement. It's a good idea to start an Ottoman game with a Catapult/Archer/Heavy Chariot rush, as the combination of Catapults, the Ottoman civ ability and Ibrahim's Serasker promotion or Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability makes taking down city defences extremely easy.
Trebuchet	Military Engineering Technology Medieval era	200	3	35	45	Trebuchets are an excellent stopgap between Catapults and Bombards. Upgrading Catapults to Trebuchets can help you extend early wars, while their lack of a nitre requirement can make them a reasonable alternative to Bombards if supplies of the resource are low.
Bombard	Metal Casting Technology Renaissance era	280 20	4	45	55	Metal Casting can be researched immediately after Gunpowder, so Kanuni Suleiman can accompany Janissaries with Bombards and do serious damage. Train Bombards in cities you've founded, so you can train Janissaries in cities you've captured. The catch is the need for a high amount of nitre to cover both units, which is where the Grand Bazaar UB comes in. Research Banking after Metal Casting to help with that.
Artillery	Steel Technology Modern era	430 1	6 1	60	80	Research Refining first so you can access oil. Also research Flight so you can benefit from the extra range of Observation Balloons. In the atomic era, you can research Computers to unlock Drones, which provide +5 bombard strength in addition to +1 range.
Rocket Artillery	Guidance Systems Technology Information era	680 1	8 1	70	100	Rocket Artillery is faster and has a bigger range than previous units, though you may need other units to provide line of sight.

Civilization Ability: Great Turkish Bombard (Part 3/4)

Siege units also have a common set of promotions which are worth examining:

Promotion	Prerequisite	Effect	Notes
Grape Shot	None	+7 vs. land units	This promotion is more useful for later siege units, which have more favourable bombard strengths relative to their era. While Catapults become only as strong as Archers, Rocket Artillery will be 10 points stronger than Machine Guns.
Crew Weapons	None	+7 while defending	Siege units can come under a lot of heavy fire when attacking cities, and their low melee strength makes them very vulnerable. As such, this promotion is nearly always the best first choice - at least until later in the game when you can outrange cities and can avoid siege units taking so much damage.
Shrapnel	Grape Shot	+10 vs. land units	Together with Grape Shot, this completely eliminates the penalty against land units. On paper this sounds good, remember that a land ranged unit in this time could have got Volley and Arrow Storm in this time for much more strength against other land units. This can still be useful later in the game when attack ranges increase, however.
Shells	Crew Weapons	+10 vs. cities	Helps siege units do what they do best. Combined with the Ottoman civ ability's strength boost and Ibrahim's Serasker promotion, you're looking at a massive +25 bombard strength bonus. That makes Catapults better than the unpromoted Bombards of other civs, and Bombards on a par with Artillery! If playing as Muhteşem Suleiman you can still get a strong +19 bonus from the civ ability, his leader ability and this promotion.
Advanced Rangefinding	Shrapnel or Shells	+10 vs. naval units	Unlike land ranged units, siege units have no penalty when attacking naval units. This makes siege units your best land-based option for dealing with enemy navies in situations where the higher mobility of ranged ranged units isn't necessary. For those situations, this promotion is ideal. However, if you're not up against naval units or you need more mobility to hit them, go with Expert Crew instead.
Expert Crew	Shrapnel or Shells	Attacking only uses 1 , as if the unit was a land ranged unit.	You'll be able to reliably move and fire in the same turn, letting you retreat and shoot in a single turn. While most useful against highly-defended cities, it also can help you provide a bit of fire while retreating, or catch enemy naval units more easily. It's a promotion with a lot of small functions, rather than one big specific advantage.
Forward Observers	Advanced Rangefinding or Expert Crew	+1	A hugely effective promotion and should always be taken if available. Bonus range allows you to attack a city without being within its range, letting you repeatedly attack it turn after turn without the risk of dying - so long as you make sure to use other units to provide a line of sight and keep your unit protected from melee attacks. Bonus range also means you can slip in an extra unit in range of your target - such as another siege unit. Against naval units, this promotion means they have to retreat further to be safe from your land attacks, and you can more easily catch them. There's not a lot of situations where this promotion won't be useful.

On-Capture Bonuses

Bigger cities produce more science and culture. Before taking into account loyalty/amemity penalties or what buildings it may have, this city will add 5 science and 3 culture per turn! Quite a difference this early in the game.

Normally, when capturing a city, the following happens:

• You generate grievances for the target civ and other civs based on the casus belli used to start the war, unless you have grievances with the targeted civ.
  
• Effects on units present in the city:
  
  • Great People are relocated to another one owned by the same civ.
    
  • Spies return back to their home civ.
    
  • Settlers and Builders are captured.
    
  • Otherwise, any other unit present in the city is killed.
• Effects on buildings in the city:
  
  • If it had walls, they are completely destroyed.
    
  • All buildings in the city centre are pillaged.
    
  • Unique districts and buildings are converted appropriately (e.g. the Ottomans capturing a Malinese Suguba with a Market and Bank would convert it into a Commercial Hub with a Market and Grand Bazaar).
    
  • Anything under construction is stopped (so if a wonder was under construction, capturing the city would clear the tile).
    
  • The conquerer is able to keep any wonders present and their passive bonuses, but not any one-off ones (so for example capturing Angkor Wat will add +1 housing in all cities, but not add population).
    
  • Captured improvements, buildings, districts and wonders are considered constructed by the conquerer for purposes of meeting eureka and inspiration boosts.
• Unique improvements in the city's radius are completely destroyed.
  
• Great Works are captured.
  
• The city will be set to 50 loyalty, with associated yield penalties until it recovers to 100.
  
• The city will become "occupied" until the end of the war
  
  • The city will be unable to grow in population, though it may still lose population if there is insufficient food.
    
  • It will have a 75% science and culture penality
    
  • It will have a 50% production and gold penalty
    
  • It will have a -5 loyalty penalty per turn unless a military unit is present as a garrison.
    
  • It will have an additional loyalty penalty scaling from 0 to -10 depending on how many grievances the target civ has with you.
• The city will permanently be considered not founded by you, so:
  
  • War weariness will reduce this city's amenities before it affects cities you founded.
    
  • Other civs are able to liberate it to the founder if they capture it, granting them 100 diplomatic favour.
    
  • Kanuni Suleiman: Training Janissaries in this city has no population loss penalty.
• The city will lose 25% of its population.

Sounds like a lot! In a nutshell, the city will have a one-off effect rolling back some of its development, and it'll also have a passive effect weakening it until the end of the war.

Two civs notably modify how captured cities work: Persia and the Ottomans. But while Persia avoids the passive occupation penalties that captured cities have, the Ottomans instead avoid the population loss. This makes the Persian ability better for prolonged wars, and the Ottoman ability better for faster wars where the occupation penalties don't last long.

Civilization Ability: Great Turkish Bombard (Part 4/4)

Let's look into how keeping more citizens affects the Ottomans. First of, let's start with the downside: more citizens needs more housing and amenities.

Captured cities will have their Granaries pillaged, and they may have housing loss from pillaged farms or other housing-granting improvements. Capturing cities from civs with housing-granting unique improvements (e.g. Cree, India, Indonesia) can be a particular problem as you won't be able to easily recover that housing shortfall. To sort out this issue, consider purchasing a Builder in larger captured cities to quickly repair and build new farms, while repairing/building a Granary in the city centre.

As for amenities, the Ottomans thankfully have a +1 amenity bonus in captured cities, which should help with managing all but the largest cities. Here's a table to show how it all works out:

City Size (Ottoman capture)	Amenity change (Ottomans)	City Size (not Ottomans capture)	Amenity change (not Ottomans)
2	+1	2	0
4	0	3	-1
6	-1	5	-2
8	-2	6	-2
10	-3	8	-3
12	-4	9	-4
14	-5	11	-5
16	-6	12	-5

So, taking cities of size 16 or higher will cause more amenity loss to the Ottomans than other civs even taking into account the +1 amenity bonus. At size 24, the Ottomans have a deficit of 2 amenities relative to other civs, and at size 30, a 3 amenity deficit. Thankfully, by this point, the Grand Bazaar UB should be providing plenty of amenities to handle that issue. Ultimately, you shouldn't have to worry about bigger populations draining amenities.

Now, what do to with that extra population? It'll passively produce more science and culture, and allow working more tiles, but a particularly useful advantage is that it makes it much more likely there'll be spare district capacity in the cities you take. That means if you take cities off a civ that builds districts you don't really need, you can still build the ones you want (e.g. Commercial Hubs, Campuses, Encampments).

Very strong captured cities will be in a good state to build wonders once the war's over, if they're not busy training Janissaries. This is particularly useful for wonders with one-off benefits you don't get from capturing them, such as the Casa de Contratación's free Governor promotions.

On top of the amenity bonus, the Ottomans also get +4 loyalty per turn in cities they did not found, which is half as much as the bonus from a present Governor. Considering that larger cities exert more loyalty pressure on themselves and other cities anyway, this makes holding onto your conquests a lot easier. For land-based warfare, you might not need to move around any Governors other than Ibrahim, minimising the amount of downtime they have and maximising their bonuses. If you're capturing cities by the sea, it may still be necessary to move in Governors to secure their loyalty, but the risk of losing them is greatly diminished.

Summary

• Get Catapults early along with Archers and Heavy Chariots so you can rush an opponent and take some cities.
  
• Kanuni Suleiman: Research Metal Casting after Gunpowder so you can accompany your Janissaries with Bombards. If your nitre supplies are low, you can use Trebuchets instead.
  
• Don't forget to bring Observation Balloons or Drones with later siege units
  
• Try not to drag out wars for too long so you can make the most of your larger captured cities.

Kanuni Suleiman's Leader Ability: Grand Vizier (Part 1/3)

Instead of a conventional leader ability, Kanuni Suleiman brings a unique unit (the Janissary) and his friend Ibrahim, a unique governor. Ibrahim can be thought of as a counterpart to governor Victor (the Castellan) only with an emphasis on offensive rather than defensive warfare.

With an entirely new governor to the roster, there is a lot to get through in this leader ability section. As such, here's a list of contents:

• Basic Governor Mechanics - Part 1/3
  
• Enter an Eighth Governor - Part 1/3
  
• Pasha - Part 1/3
  
• Head Falconer - Part 1/3
  
• Serasker - Part 2/3
  
• Khass-Oda-Bashi - Part 2/3
  
• Capou Agha - Part 2/3
  
• Grand Vizier - Part 3/3
  
• Summary - Part 3/3

Skip ahead to the summary if you just want a basic overview of how you can use Ibrahim effectively. But to really get the most out of all of his unique advantages, the entire rest of the section will look into that...

Basic Governor Mechanics

With a unique governor available, it helps to understand how governors function in the game.

Once you have your first governor title (typically after researching either the ancient-era State Workforce or Early Empire civics), you are able to appoint a governor to a city. Appointing a governor to a city will immediately apply a +8 loyalty per turn bonus (useful for border cities or ones newly-captured) and after a few turns (3 for Victor and Ibrahim, 5 for everyone else) they will establish themselves and apply their own special bonuses. Governors may be relocated at any time to another city, establishing the loyalty bonus immediately and other bonuses after the typical waiting period.

Subsequent governor titles can either promote an existing governor to provide stronger bonuses, or be used to hire a new governor. Each governor can be promoted up to five times, and there are a total of seven governors in the game (eight for the Ottomans). A civ cannot appoint more than one governor in the same city, so avoid hiring more if there aren't enough cities to hold them!

Enemy civs can remove your governors from your own cities via Spies using the Neutralise governor mission. This also prevents them being reassigned for 6 turns. To avoid this happening, make sure your city centres are in range of one of your own Spies in a counter-Spy operation.

To make the most of governors, you'll want as many governor titles as you can get. You can obtain governor titles from the following civics:

• Early Empire (Ancient)
  
• State Workforce (Ancient)
  
• Defensive Tactics (Classical)
  
• Recorded History (Classical)
  
• Medieval Faires (Medieval)
  
• Guilds (Medieval)
  
• Civil Engineering (Industrial)
  
• Nationalism (Industrial)
  
• Mass Media (Modern)
  
• Mobilisation (Modern)
  
• Globalisation (Information)
  
• Social Media (Information)
  
• Future Civic (Future, repeatable)

You can also gain governor titles from:

• Tribal villages (rarely)
  
• Building a Government Complex
  
• Building any Government Complex building (up to a total of 3 titles)
  
• The medieval Great Merchant Irene of Athens
  
• The renaissance-era Casa de Contratación wonder (grants three titles)
  
• The industrial Great Merchant Adam Smith

Kanuni Suleiman uniquely can also grant an extra Governor title when the renaissance-era Gunpowder technology is researched - which helpfully is the same technology that unlocks Janissaries.

Enter an Eighth Governor

Having an eighth governor complicates things for the Ottomans, but also adds some special opportunities as well.

The biggest problem is the need to choose between assigning and promoting regular governors such as Magnus (the Steward) or Pingala (the Educator), and assigning/promoting Ibrahim. There's only so many titles to go around, so choose carefully. No matter what you do, you should try and get Ibrahim with the Serasker promotion prior to launching your first war as the strength bonus against cities is too good to miss.

Ibrahim's other promotions beyond Serasker are not quite so important early on, so feel free to spend a few titles on things like Pingala's Connoisseur and Researcher promotions, and maybe Magnus' Black Marketeer promotion. Pingala's culture and science boost will help you get to Janissaries, Bombards and Barbary Corsairs, while the Black Marketeer promotion will really help manage the strategic resource costs of Janissaries and Bombards. Depending on your game, you might want to vary which governors you employ - Amani could be useful if there's a city-state with a strong suzerain bonus you want, for example.

With the downside out the way, there's also an upside - having an extra governor means Kanuni Suleiman's Ottomans can potentially get more out of bonuses which work on a per-governor basis. A good example to highlight here is the Casa de Contratación wonder. With the wonder in your control, cities you own on continents not containing your capital will gain +15% gold, production and faith if they have a Governor present. The Ottomans can potentially extend that bonus to eight cities instead of seven.

There's also a niche advantage of Ibrahim - as a unique Governor, he cannot be targeted to be neutralised by the World Congress resolution Governance Doctrine.

Pasha

Finally, let's get onto the bonuses! The basic bonus Ibrahim offers is a +20% production boost to all military units trained in the city he's active in. While not a huge bonus, this is quite helpful early on when you might have only one or two cities training your entire military.

What complicates this promotion is if you use Governor Ibrahim in foreign capitals for the later promotions like Capou Agha. Rather than you receiving the +20% production boost, the other civ will! While helpful if the other civ is an ally, it may cause problems for you if the civ exploits the bonus to train up a larger army, only to attack you.

Head Falconer

This is a great defensive promotion which is particularly useful if your sieging ability is much better than your ability to fight enemy units. The +5 strength bonus offered works similarly to (and stacks with) the Defender of the Faith belief, allowing you to get an edge when fighting off enemies which are too close to your city. When capturing a city you intend to keep from a strong foe, move in Ibrahim with this promotion, hold off as well as you can in the 3-turn interim, and then you should have enough of an advantage to hold the city.

Kanuni Suleiman's Leader Ability: Grand Vizier (Part 2/3)

Serasker

Probably Ibrahim's strongest promotion, this combined with the Ottoman civ ability allows you to crush city defences with ease. It offers a massive +10 strength bonus against city defences within 10 tiles of Ibrahim, allowing Catapults to have effectively 50 strength against them, or 70 strength for Bombards.

For cities with lots of units defending them but weak walls, consider using cavalry units. Cavalry can slip through zone of control and land a hit on the city without the vulnerability siege units have.

Be sure to keep checking that enemy cities you're attacking are in range of Ibrahim. As you can't appoint him to the capital of a city you're at war with, you'll have to instead appoint him to the closest city you own to their territory. Move him up when necessary, but don't move him too much - he'll need time between movements to re-establish his bonuses.

The Serasker promotion has two key shortcomings. Firstly, it only applies when attacking city defences hence offering nothing to help you deal with enemy units or even to defend against city ranged attacks. Retreating to Ibrahim's city can help if he has the Head Falconer promotion, but neither promotion will help you fight units in enemy territory. Secondly, being limited to a 10-tile range means you can't use the promotion when launching attacks on new continents. A decent navy will help there, and thankfully the Barbary Corsair UU encourages you to keep one.

Khass-Oda-Bashi

The remaining promotions require Ibrahim to be present in foreign cities, which can make it hard to use the previous promotions to their full potential. Largely, you'll want to use them in peace-time and move Ibrahim back to a border city for war-time.

The Khass-Oda-Bashi promotion itself allows you to get extra alliance points with another civ you're allied to. Alliances require the medieval-era Civil Service civic and initially largely provide bonuses to trading between the civs as well as +1 diplomatic favour per turn. With 80 alliance points, you'll be able to make level 2 alliances for better rewards and a total of +2 diplomatic favour per turn, and with 240 alliance points, you can make level 3 alliances with the civ for even better bonuses and a total of +3 diplomatic favour per turn.

You gain alliance points by the following means:

• 1 per turn you're allied to the civ
  
• +0.25 per turn for having at least one trade route with them (+0.5 if the ally is Cleopatra of Egypt)
  
• +0.25 per turn if they have at least one trade route with you (+0.5 if the ally is Cleopatra of Egypt)
  
• +0.25 per turn if you have the Wisselbanken policy card (diplomatic, requires the renaissance-era Diplomatic Service civic respectively)
  
• +0.25 per turn if they have the Wisselbanken policy card
  
• +0.5 per turn if you're allied to Gilgamesh of Sumeria and you're both at war with the same foe.
  
• +0.5 per turn if you're playing as Kanuni Suleiman of the Ottomans and have Governor Ibrahim with the Khass-Oda-Bashi promotion present in their capital
  
• +0.5 per turn if the other civ is the Ottomans with Kanuni Suleiman as their leader, and they have Governor Ibrahim with the Khass-Oda-Bashi promotion present in your capital.

All alliance point bonuses are for the alliance, not for a specific civ, so any boost to alliance point generation will help both civs.

Compared to the leader abilities of Gilgamesh (Sumeria) and Cleopatra (Egypt) which can also offer the same alliance point bonus, this doesn't require the other civ to do anything for you to receive the full bonus. However, the Ottomans are much more inclined to war than Egypt and even Sumeria, which can make securing an alliance difficult due to all the grievances generated - especially in singleplayer games. As such, the Capou Agha promotion will be very helpful as well.

Capou Agha

This promotion steadily reduces the amount of grievances another civ has with you. It's largely more useful in singleplayer than multiplayer as grievances have a big impact on other civs' relations with you, but this has its uses in multiplayer as well. To understand that, we need to delve into the grievances mechanic.

When you perform certain negative actions towards a civ, you generate grievances against them - the amount depending on the specific action.

Grievance Generation	Actions
200	Razing the civ's city
150	Declaring a surprise war Capturing the final city of a civ
100	Declaring a formal war Declaring war on the civ's city-state they're suzerain over
75	Declaring a War of Territorial Expansion
50	Declaring a Holy, Colonial, Retribution or Ideological War Declaring war on a city-state the civ has at least one envoy present in Capturing a city-state (all civs gain grievances against you)
25	Declaring a Golden Age war (requires the To Arms! Golden Age dedication) Capturing a city Denouncing the civ Refusing to make a promise Breaking a promise (repeated per incursion)
3	Controlling the civ's original capital (per turn)
1	Controlling any cities founded by the civ unless you have their original capital (per turn)

In addition to this, allies of the targeted civ will gain 50% of the grievances you generate against them, and declared friends will gain 25%. Grievances from war-based actions (e.g. capturing cities) are modified based on the casus belli used in the war; if you are the defender in a war, you have a 75% reduction to grievances you generate.

Kanuni Suleiman's Leader Ability: Grand Vizier (Part 3/3)

A civ having grievances with you has a few effects. Firstly, they'll be able to perform actions against you that'd otherwise inflict grievances without the associated penalties (it instead subtracts from the grievances they've accumulated against you). In other words, one civ can have grievances with the other, but not the other way around at any given time.

Secondly, and exclusively against computer-controlled civs, grievances will create a diplomatic relations penalty. This can make it extremely hard to secure alliances if you fight wars extensively.

Thirdly, if a civ has at least 200 grievances with you and you then start a war against them, they are able to trigger a military aid emergency. Other civs will be able to gift them gold for a shot at rewards such as diplomatic favour and a diplomatic victory point. This can cause a lot of trouble for you, as a seemingly weak target can suddenly receive hundreds or even thousands of gold and buy/upgrade large numbers of units.

Finally, if a civ has at least 200 grievances with you, you'll lose 1 diplomatic favour every turn. This increases by by 1 for every extra 50 grievances they have with you. You can lose up to 10 diplomatic favour per turn this way, making it hard for a warmonger to have much impact at the World Congress.

If (and only if) you're at peace with a civ, grievances decay at a rate varying depending on the current game era. In the ancient era, they decay at a rate of 10 per turn. In the classical era, 9 per turn. The decay rate drops all the way to the future era, where they decay at a rate of 2 per turn.

Capou Agha only takes 1 grievance a turn, which is hardly going to turn a civ you conquered half of into a friend. However, it can be helpful for keeping hold of an ally and preventing them from hitting the 200 grievance threshold against you. It's not the most powerful bonus Ibrahim offers, but it has its niches.

Grand Vizier

After a couple of niche bonuses, here's something much more considerable: The ability to completely ignore the loyalty pressure of another civ with the only catch being you cannot be at war with the civ. Unlike cultural alliances, the situation isn't reversed, so you can still exert loyalty pressure on the other civ!

This ability has three main applications. Firstly, it allows you to settle cities right next to the other civ's lands, offering a good base to launch an attack on them later. This is also useful if the civ is leaving an area free for settling later with the assumption that loyalty pressure will stop anyone settling it. If they try to stop you by declaring a war on you then, well, you're playing as the Ottomans and chances are you have a better military than they do. They'll also be inflicting grievances on you, so that'll allow you to take some of their cities without penalty.

The second application of the Grand Vizier bonus is to aid with city-flipping. By being able to settle a lot of cities near another civ, you may be able to pressure their cities enough to flip to your ownership. You'll most likely need cities with a lot of citizens while being in a Golden/Heroic Age for the best impact (it helps for the target civ to be in a Dark Age as well).

Thirdly, the Grand Vizier bonus can help you with holding conquests once a war is over. If you conquer a direct path through a civ, normally you'd struggle with loyalty pressure from the chain of cities and end up losing them. But if you're fast (the siege bonuses help), you can take a line of cities, declare peace, move in Ibrahim to the target civ's current capital, and avoid the loyalty penalties. Splitting a civ's land into pieces in such a way can leave some of their remaining cities vulnerable to loyalty pressure, meaning you can snap up a few extra cities at no grievance cost.

Summary

• Give Ibrahim the Serasker promotion as soon as possible as the +10 strength bonus will be very useful for early warfare.
  
• Other promotions are more situationally useful and should be weighed up against other options.
  
• Head Falconer is useful for holding onto freshly-captured cities.
  
• Khass-Oda-Bashi and Capou Agha pair well together in singleplayer to hold an alliance through warfare, but are generally the least powerful of Ibrahim's promotions.
  
• Grand Vizier is powerful for allowing you to colonise next to a civ, and for maintaining loyalty once a war is complete.

Muhteşem Suleiman's Leader Ability: The Magnificent

My Heroic Age more than makes up for amenity penalties!

While Kanuni Suleiman focuses much power on the renaissance era warfare, Muhteşem Suleiman trades off that peak in power with some greater versatility towards the scientific game. Domination is still his best path, but he handles it somewhat differently to Kanuni Suleiman.

The Two Main Paths

Muhteşem Suleiman gives very different bonuses depending on whether or not you're in a Golden Age. There's two main approaches you can take to this:

• Reactive - Don't worry too much about how much era score you generate, and instead adjust how you play based on what kind of era you have. If you get a Dark/Normal Age, look for other civs to fight! If you get a Golden/Heroic Age, build up your Campuses!
  
• Proactive - Deliberately hold back on era score (such as by avoiding clearing Barbarian Encampments in earlier eras) to force Dark/Normal Ages when you want the strength bonus, and double down on era score (such as by building wonders) when you want the science/culture.

The Reactive approach has the benefit of being simpler - you don't have to micromanage era score. This makes it ideal for less experienced players. However, you may end up losing a useful bonus at an inopportune time, such as losing the strength bonus in the middle of a war.

The Ancient Era

In the ancient game era, every civ will be in a Normal Age - including yourself. This means Muhteşem Suleiman's +4 strength boost will be active against every full civ. It's difficult to get Catapults trained in time during this game era, but you can still try an early rush with Archers and Heavy Chariots or the like if you wish.

Otherwise, use this time to expand your empire with Settlers. +4 strength makes you resilient to early-rushing civs, so you can keep a minimal army without creating too much risk for yourself. Look out for spots with mountains, reefs or geothermal fissures, as they'll allow you to build Campuses with great adjacency bonuses ready for boosting later. It also helps to build an Encampment or two so you can start generating Great Generals.

Early Warfare

Unless you're going for an ancient-era rush, typically a good time to start warfare with Muhteşem Suleiman is when Catapults are available. As this usually goes into the classical game era, it's not a bad idea to aim for a classical-era Dark or Normal Age (preferably Dark) if possible. Bring along some decently strong melee attackers like Horsemen or Men-at-Arms to capture cities from enemies that are also in a Dark/Normal Age.


Click on the era score counter on the bottom-right corner of the screen to see which kind of era met civs have. This tells me I'd have a +4 strength bonus fighting Australia, but not against Greece.


Even without Governor Ibrahim, you can do good damage against city defences with Catapults.

By pillaging mines or other such tile improvements, you can earn plenty of gold through warfare you can then use to upgrade Catapults to Trebuchets at the medieval-era Military Engineering technology. It's also helpful to build up Commercial Hubs - gold covers unit maintenance costs, it's needed for your UB, and if you can get a medieval era Golden/Heroic Age, you can take the Free Inquiry dedication for bonus science from all those districts. Campuses are also great for future Golden/Heroic Ages.

Onwards

Muhteşem Suleiman tends to be most effective with a classical-era Dark Age leading into a medieval-era Heroic Age, granting an enormous boost to science and culture alike. Taking the Free Inquiry dedication in the classical era gives you era score for every eureka boost, and you're likely to get a lot from early conquests, so securing a medieval-era Golden Age is a reasonable possibility.

If you get a medieval-era Golden or Heroic Age, it's not a bad idea to focus on building out Campuses and Monuments for science and culture. Maximising your science and culture output while it's boosted for the era helps you develop a technological advantage for later wars.

If you can't achieve a medieval-era Golden/Heroic Age, then you can simply carry on with siege unit-based warfare. So long as you can afford to upgrade them, the classical to renaissance eras are a good time for siege units as they don't have too large a gap between upgrades. The Military Engineering technology (needed for Trebuchets) reveals nitre (needed for Bombards) so you don't even need an awkward technological detour to accommodate them.

Beyond Industrialisation

Later in the game, obtaining era score becomes considerably easier. Aside from many good one-off sources of era score (e.g. filling out an Encampment district with buildings) there are many good repeatable sources (e.g. building wonders - there's often a lot of early ones not built by this time).

As a consequence, the later eras of the game may be a good time to move towards scientific gameplay with a lower emphasis on warfare - at least until you build up a good technological advantage.

Conclusion

Muhteşem Suleiman's game starts with war much like Kanuni Suleiman, but gives the option to switch to science later on. You can conquer a huge amount of territory, managed with the Ottoman amenity bonuses, and boost all those cities' science output for a potentially immense lead in the space race.

Unique Unit: Barbary Corsair

Ottoman power doesn't just extend to the land - with the Barbary Corsair unit, you can pressure the seas as well! While not as important as Kanuni Suleiman's Janissaries, they're still useful even in small quantities in a variety of roles.

Preparation

Perhaps the biggest strength of Barbary Corsairs is their early arrival. Regular Privateers arrive at the late-renaissance era Mercantilism civic with a relatively small window of usage before Ironclads arrive. Barbary Corsairs, however, arrive an entire era earlier on a civic that's much easier to beeline - so in practice, you can often have Privateers an era and a half before anyone else!

That being said, it's probably best to avoid a direct beeline from Political Philosophy unless you're on a particularly water-heavy maps. For a start, you'll want to grab Military Tradition for flanking/support bonuses to aid with early warfare. Taking a detour to Recorded History also provides the Natural Philosophy economic policy card which can provide a strong boost to your science output. That'll help with unlocking ocean crossing, Janissaries and Bombards.

When you're done researching Medieval Faires, start work on a Barbary Corsair or two in coastal cities. As Kanuni Suleiman, it's a good idea to dedicate Ottoman-founded cities towards training them so non-Ottoman-founded cities can focus on Janissaries instead. On the civics tree, now work towards Exploration - it gives you access to the Press Gangs military policy card to aid with faster training of Barbary Corsairs. The Raid military policy card will also be unlocked along the way, boosting the yields from pillaging and coastal raids.

Usage

While regular Privateers aren't especially strong when they arrive (Caravels have 10 more melee strength and Frigates have 5 more strength in both melee and range), they have three distinct advantages:

• Invisibility to everything except adjacent units, city centres, Encampments and Destroyers
  
• The ability to pillage adjacent land tiles unoccupied by an enemy unit (coastal raiding)
  
• The ability to ignore zone of control.

The first advantage makes Privateers suited for sneak attacks on enemy navies - so long as you deal enough damage to prevent retaliation (using multiple Privateers may help). The second gives you the potential for generating lots of gold or faith while setting back your opponents. The third builds on the previous two advantages by allowing you to slip through enemies and attack or pillage regardless.

Coastal raiding is all very well and good, but Barbary Corsairs take it one step further by eliminating the usual 3 movement point requirement. This allows a single unit to pillage multiple tiles in a single turn, or move in, pillage, and retreat to safety. You can get a lot of gold extremely quickly this way, which can be used to purchase further military units or other things you need.


Coastal raiding can clear unoccupied Barbarian encampments and tribal villages. Regular Privateers generally arrive too late to be able to use this function much, but Barbary Corsairs typically arrive just before many civs start crossing oceans.

But that's not the only trick of Barbary Corsairs. It's worth noting that their early arrival gives them a short-lived period of dominance on the seas. They can reliably destroy Galleys in two hits, and will kill Quadriremes in just one hit around half the time. While in theory Catapults and Trebuchets could pose a threat, Barbary Corsairs have the mobility to avoid their attacks.

Furthermore, Barbary Corsairs are the second-earliest naval unit in the game with a range of 2, only beaten by Byzantium's Dromons. This makes them excellent for damaging enemy coastal cities as many can attack in the same turn. While not as effective against city defences as Frigates, they can still do a reasonable job in the mean-time. Bring along an embarked unit with a melee attack, Galley or Caravel to get the final hit on the city and capture it.

Obsoletion

Barbary Corsairs have a reasonable window of usage. Even when Ironclads arrive, they can still withstand a hit, and their mass-raiding utility remains useful. Destroyers, however, are able to see Barbary Corsairs and destroy them in a single hit - so upgrade them before that can happen. The loss of free coastal raiding is a shame, but you can still get a lot out of a few Submarines.

Conclusion

Barbary Corsairs offer a small window of naval dominance, but their main purpose is in a support role. Their coastal raids can get you the gold you need to purchase Janissaries or other things outright, while their ranged attacks can help other units attack cities or units near the coast.

Kanuni Suleiman's Unique Unit: Janissary

Having trouble getting an edge on the battlefield? Struggling to reach enemy cities to start taking down their defences? Or just want a versatile powerful unit to guide you through the renaissance and industrial eras? The Janissary unit will help with all this and more.

Research

Janissaries arrive at the renaissance-era Gunpowder technology. But resist the urge to beeline it - by capturing a few cities early on with Catapults, Archers and Heavy Chariots early on, you can get a stronger start making your eventual Janissary-led wars even better. That'll require a diversion to Engineering.

Once you've finished researching Engineering, there's a few possible research paths to take. It's a good idea to first clean up any remaining Builder technologies you need (e.g. Sailing if you have a lot of sea resources that need improving). They won't cost much to research and the potential yield bonuses make them worthwhile.

Next up, researching Currency unlocks Commercial Hubs and Markets, which will help you generate money and increase your trade route capacity. It gives your cities something to build between your early Catapult wars and Janissary/Bombard wars, and prepares them for building the Grand Bazaar UB, so it's generally worth researching sooner rather than later.

It's a good idea to research Bronze Working to build Encampments and Barracks (assuming you have spare district capacity) - that'll give you a shot at a medieval/renaissance Great General to go with your Janissary/Bombard wars. If you have iron in your lands, research Iron Working so you can start training Swordsmen ready for upgrading later. However, this detour does mean researching Gunpowder a little later. It's not worth training Men-at-Arms units ready for upgrading to Janissaries, as Men-at-Arms are actually more expensive to train - just upgrade Swordsmen directly to Janissaries once you are able to. You'll also save 100 gold per unit over upgrading Swordsmen to Men-at-Arms and then on to Janissaries.

Whether you research Currency and/or Iron Working now or later, you should definitely research Military Engineering before Stirrups on your road to Gunpowder. Military Engineering reveals nitre, and revealing it in advance gives you time to find it, improve it and build up a little stockpile of it. It also lets you build Trebuchets.

After Gunpowder, research Metal Casting so you can upgrade your Trebuchets to Bombards, Banking to let you build the Grand Bazaar UB, and Cartography so you can cross oceans with your Barbary Corsairs. You don't necessarily need to research in that specific order, but it does help you get the most relevant bonuses to warfare sooner.

Training

Janissaries cost just 120 production each to train. By this point, you should already have the Feudal Contract policy card unlocked for a 50% production bonus when training them.

However, there's two problems: Firstly, training Janissaries in cities you founded will cost population, so you'll want to ensure they're trained in cities you captured earlier. Secondly, training Janissaries costs 10 nitre a time, meaning you can quickly exhaust your stockpile. A possible solution is to move Governor Magnus (the Steward) to your most productive captured city and give him the Black Marketeer promotion, cutting the strategic resource cost to just 2 nitre - however, you may save more nitre if you move him to a city training Bombards.

Alternatively, if you have less than 10 nitre in your stockpile, you'll still be able to train Men-at-Arms. You can then upgrade them to Janissaries, avoiding the potential population loss at the cost of some additional production and iron. The Retinues military policy card (medieval era, requires Mercenaries) helpfully cuts the resource cost of upgrading Men-at-Arms down from 10 nitre to 5, and Trebuchets from 20 nitre to 10.

While generally you shouldn't train Janissaries in founded cities, one exception is if a city is under attack. Draining its population makes it a less lucrative target, and having a defensive unit closer to your enemy increases the chances you can hold onto it.

As a final note, Janissaries are no cheaper to maintain than generic Musketmen despite their halved production/resource costs, but the Ottoman incentive to build plenty of Commercial Hubs should cover that.

Promotion

Janissaries receive a free promotion - for new units, that gives you a choice of Battlecry (+7 strength vs. melee infantry and ranged units) or Tortoise (+10 defence vs. ranged attacks). Battlecry leads to the Commando promotion (+1 movement and can scale cliff walls), while Tortoise leads to Amphibious (no penalty to attacking across rivers/while disembarking).

Generally, Battlecry is a better promotion for fighting enemy armies, while Tortoise is more useful when sieging cities. Bombards will do most of your city sieging work, so it's a good idea to give more Janissaries Battlecry than Tortoise.

In Combat

Janissaries have both advantages in quantity and quality. Their halved production and resource cost means you can produce them twice as fast as other civs can create Musketmen, letting you use flanking and support bonuses more effectively. Add the free promotion and +5 strength on top, and enemy units shouldn't pose a threat until the industrial era.

The main role of Janissaries is to cut through enemy units so your Bombards can hit enemy cities. As melee infantry units, no enemy unit classes are especially strong against them and they defend well against counter-attacks. Their low movement speed is their main weakness, though this is partially mitigated by the Commando promotion and/or a Great General, and the Bombards they'll be accompanying are slow anyway.

Beyond the Renaissance

With the industrial-era Nationalism civic, you can form corps out of your Janissaries. Getting the industrial-era Military Science technology lets you build Military Academies and will allow you to directly train Janissary corps in cities with it (though as usual, make sure those cities aren't ones you founded!). Janissary corps are cheaper than single Musketman units for other civs, but are stronger than Line Infantry - albeit at a higher gold maintenance cost than either. Accounting for their free promotion, new Janissary corps can outperform new Infantry.

Janissary armies trained at a city with a Military Academy are 16% cheaper than an Infantry unit but are 2 points stronger (plus the free promotion) at the cost of twice as much gold maintenance. That makes them remain useful until Tank corps enter the battlefield.

Summary

• Research Military Engineering before Stirrups on your route to Gunpowder so you know where nitre is.
  
• If you want to prebuild Janissaries, train Swordsmen prior to unlocking Apprenticeship - don't train Men-at-Arms if you can avoid it as they are more expensive than Janissaries.
  
• Unless a city's under attack and needs a rapid defence, always train Janissaries in cities you didn't found.
  
• Janissaries are most useful fighting enemy units - as such, the Battlecry promotion is often a good first choice.

Unique Building: Grand Bazaar

To round out the Ottoman advantages in all kinds of elements of warfare, the Grand Bazaar UB offers gold, amenities and bonus strategic resources to support the effort.

As Kanuni Suleiman, it's a good idea to start building up Commercial Hubs and Markets in cities in the time after launching early Catapult wars, but before Janissaries become available. Not only will Markets provide valuable trade route capacity, but you'll also generate plenty of gold to support the maintenance of Janissaries, Barbary Corsairs and Bombards.

Grand Bazaars themselves require the renaissance-era Banking technology. Kanuni Suleiman should research it after you're done with Metal Casting so you can start training Janissaries and Bombards first, as the sooner you launch an attack, the stronger it'll be.

Muhteşem Suleiman doesn't have the same pressure to research Gunpowder quickly, and can accumulate science faster, so consider picking up Banking relatively early to get Grand Bazaars sooner - consider rushing it after Military Engineering for Trebuchets.

In Action

Grand Bazaars are 24% cheaper than the Banks they replace, representing one of the biggest reductions in cost any UB has relative to their generic counterpart. This makes it a lot easier to slip it in between new Janissaries, Bombards and Barbary Corsairs or other such important things, and ensures you can make use of its handy +5 gold yield sooner.

Improved strategic resources in the range of a city with a Grand Bazaar will produce +1 quantity per turn (so long as they are the first copy). Any city with nitre should build a Grand Bazaar as soon as possible so you can support more Janissaries/Bombards, and as you reveal more strategic resources later in the game, you should ensure the appropriate cities also have the building in place.

Grand Bazaars also provide amenities based on the quantity of improved luxury resources in the city's limits. The impact varies from city to city, but essentially allows you to get the key benefits of both Commercial Hubs and Entertainment Complexes/Water Parks in a single district. This frees up district capacity for other things like Campuses or Encampments.

All this being said, Kanuni Suleiman should resist the temptation to focus on building up Grand Bazaars in all your cities right away. Focus on the cities with nitre first, and build them elsewhere when you need the gold or amenities. The time Grand Bazaars enter the game is when your UUs are at their most relevant, and spending lots of production on Grand Bazaars now will mean sacrificing some of their potential.

Beyond Nitre

Grand Bazaars find new functionality as more strategic resources are revealed. Resources from coal onwards are required in maintenance, and generating more of them increases the maximum number of units or buildings you can maintain. More coal, oil or uranium may mean more power generation. More coal, oil, aluminium or uranium means you can support a bigger army, navy or air force without needing to boost your strategic resource generation with policy cards. That's rather helpful as you upgrade your Janissaries, Bombards and/or Barbary Corsairs, and as you start training air units.

The bonus strategic resource generation of Grand Bazaars also makes the Ottomans a rare civ with a direct advantage in the nuclear arms race (Canada being another).

For Muhteşem Suleiman in particular, being able to accumulate aluminium faster gives a nice edge to scientific victories as it allows the construction of more Lagrange Laser Stations.

Conclusion

The Grand Bazaar is a great support building which provides you with the gold and strategic resources to support your armies, while also allowing you to circumvent the need for Entertainment Complexes or Water Parks in handling war weariness.

Administration - Government and Policy Cards

Note that the Administration sections strictly cover the options that have particularly good synergy with the civ's uniques. These are not necessarily the best choices, but rather options you should consider more than usual if playing this civ relative to others.

Governments

Tier One

For Kanuni Suleiman, Oligarchy is a great choice - the strength bonus will help your Janissaries later. Still, its policy card arrangement is bad for general development, so you may want to take it for the legacy card and then switch to Classical Republic for the economic policy card slots. For Muhteşem Suleiman, consider Autocracy for its balanced bonuses, or Oligarchy if you're using melee infantry units with your siege units.

Complement Oligarchy with the Warlord's Throne for bonus production every time you take a city,

Tier Two

Merchant Republic has a good set of policy cards and comes at the same civic as Press Gangs, needed to train Barbary Corsairs faster.

The Grand Master's Chapel is usually the best choice of Government Plaza building. You'll get a fair amount of faith from Barbary Corsair raids and capturing cities with Holy Sites, and you'll be able to funnel that faith back into purchasing military units.

Tier Three

Fascism offers an all-round strength bonus which aids further conquests. However, Communism's production bonus can be quite effective for the Ottomans given you can extend the production bonus to one additional city compared to other civs. It's ideal if you want to switch to a more scientific emphasis as Muhteşem Suleiman.

The War Department complements warfare nicely by giving all your units health when they score kills.

Tier Four

If you want to carry on with warfare and can handle the science penalty, Corporate Libertarianism is your best choice. The Ottoman inclination towards Commercial Hubs and Encampments will pay off with the production boost. For a scientific Muhteşem Suleiman, go with Synthetic Technocracy.

Policy Cards

Ancient Era

Agoge (Military, requires Craftsmanship) - For Kanuni Suleiman, training some Swordsmen now to upgrade into Janissaries later allows you to use the unit sooner and avoids the population loss. For Muhteşem Suleiman, it allows you to cheaply produce combat units to complement your siege units.

Classical Era

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Natural Philosophy (Economic, requires Recorded History) - Boosting science is useful for anyone - including Kanuni Suleiman - but Muhteşem Suleiman finds this policy card particularly useful as it stacks with the science from his leader ability.

Raid (Military, requires Military Training) - Boosts the yields you get from Barbary Corsairs engaging in coastal raiding. Also useful for your land-based units as they can pillage farms for more health if necessary.

Medieval Era

(Kanuni Suleiman) Feudal Contract (Military, requires Feudalism) - Allows you to train Janissaries even faster. With this card, Janissaries can be trained faster than civs without this policy card can train Swordsmen.

Retinues (Military, requires Mercenaries) - Halves the resource cost of upgrading units. This is very helpful when upgrading Swordsmen to Janissaries and upgrading Catapults and Trebuchets to Bombards.

Renaissance Era

Drill Manuals (Military, requires Mercantilism) - In case you need more nitre for your Janissaries and/or Bombards.

Free Market (Economic, requires The Enlightenment) - The Ottoman incentive to build a lot of Grand Bazaars means this policy card could potentially generate a lot of money - perfect for maintaining your army and navy.

Logistics (Military, requires Mercantilism) - Siege units are slow, making the movement bonus on offer here very relevant.

Press Gangs (Military, requires Exploration) - Aids in training Barbary Corsair units.

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Rationalism (Economic, requires The Enlightenment) - Though useful for both leaders, Muhteşem Suleiman in particular will find it works well with the science boost he receives in Golden/Heroic Ages.

(Kanuni Suleiman) Wisselbanken (Diplomatic, requires Diplomatic Service) - Offers a bonus to alliance point generation to complement Ibrahim's Khass-Oda-Bashi promotion.

Industrial Era

(Kanuni Suleiman) Force Modernisation (Military, requires Urbanisation) - Halves the cost of upgrading units, including resource costs. Upgrading Janissaries to Infantry can be pretty expensive, so this can save you a lot of gold.

Total War (Military, requires Scorched Earth) - Doubles pillaging yields, including coastal raids.

Modern Era

Levee en Masse (Military, requires Mobilisation) - If you're using Janissary corps or armies at this point, the maintenance costs can get quite harsh. This policy card should help.

Future Era

Integrated Attack Logistics (Wildcard, requires Information Warfare) - If you're using siege units late in the game, this helps boost their limited mobility.

Administration - Age Bonuses and World Congress

Age Bonuses

Free Inquiry (Golden Age, Classical to Medieval eras) - A neat way to make early development more efficient. By building Commercial Hubs instead of Campuses, you can prepare for the Grand Bazaar UB while still generating science via this Golden Age dedication.

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Pen, Brush and Voice (Golden Age, Classical to Medieval eras) - While Free Inquiry is generally more useful, you can take both if you can achieve a medieval-era Heroic Age. All this culture will be magnified by Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability.

Letters of Marque (Dark Age, Renaissance to Modern eras) - If you don't mind losing half your trade route yields, you can get a massive bonus to training Barbary Corsair units, as well as a movement speed bonus to them. That allows them to engage in a lot of coastal raids in a single turn.

Hic Sunt Dracones (Golden Age, Renaissance to Modern eras) - Speed up your Barbary Corsairs allowing them to pillage even more in a single turn.

Robber Barons (Dark Age, Industrial to Information eras) - While most warmongering civs would want to avoid the amenity penalty, the Ottomans can manage it with the Grand Bazaar and some Entertainment Complexes and/or Water Parks. Cities with Grand Bazaars already can then work towards Stock Exchanges for a massive +50% gold bonus! There's also a nice production bonus on offer for cities with Factories.

(Kanuni Suleiman) To Arms! (Golden Age, Industrial to Information eras) - Ibrahim's grievance reduction bonus only goes so far; if you want to keep hold of an alliance you'll want to ensure you're not generating too many grievances to begin with. This dedication's special casus belli should help with that.

World Congress

How you should vote in the World Congress will often be specific to your game - if you have a strong rival, for example, it might be better to vote to hurt them than to help yourself. Furthermore, there may be general bonuses to your chosen victory route or gameplay which are more relevant than ones that have stronger synergy with civ-specific bonuses. Otherwise, here's a list of key relevant votes that have high relevance for this civ relative to other civs.

Luxury Policy - Effect A (Duplicates of the chosen luxury resource grant duplicate amenities) on a resource you have many copies of.

The Grand Bazaar encourages you to get as many luxuries as possible. This bonus can build on that advantage.

(Kanuni Suleiman) Migration Treaty - Effect A (+20% faster population growth but -5 loyalty per turn in this player's cities) targeting a player with cities vulnerable to your loyalty pressure, if you have Governor Ibrahim present with the Grant Vizier promotion in their capital.

Together with the Grand Vizier promotion, you can pressure rival cities into flipping to your control. Alternatively, the population growth can mean more population for you to take later.

Military Advisory - Effect A (Units of the chosen promotion class gain +5 strength) on siege units, or melee infantry if you have Janissaries, or naval raiders when Barbary Corsairs are present. Alternatively, Effect B (Units of the chosen promotion class lose 5 strength) on either type of cavalry.

There's a lot of good options here so you can work off what other civs want to see. Obviously, strengthening units the Ottomans are already good at using is an effective option. But you can also try countering cavalry (a major threat to your siege units).

(Kanuni Suleiman) Public Relations - Effect B (The chosen civ generates 50% fewer grievances, and other civs generate 50% fewer grievances toward this civ) on yourself

If you want to make the most of Ibrahim's alliance points, you'll want to minimise the grievances you generate.

Urban Development Treaty - Effect A (+100% production towards buildings in this district) on Commercial Hubs, or Campuses as Muhteşem Suleiman

Speeding up construction in Commercial Hubs helps you develop Grand Bazaars. Muhteşem Suleiman can build on his scientific advantages by boosting construction speed in Campus districts.

Administration - Pantheons, Religion and City-States

Pantheons

God of Craftsmen - The Grand Bazaar UB will be more effective the more strategic resources you have, and so will this pantheon.

God of the Forge - A great help in your classical-era Catapult-led warfare.

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Goddess of Festivals - A source of culture Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability can build on later.

Religious Settlements - Saves time in early expansion by granting a bonus Settler - with the saved production, you can train a couple of military units.

Religious Beliefs

You can have one founder, one follower, one enhancer and one worship belief.

Cross-Cultural Dialogue (Founder) - Large captured cities can now produce bonus science. Especially useful for Muhteşem Suleiman.

(Kanuni Suleiman) Crusade (Enhancer) - A powerful option which covers up a key weakness for Kanuni Suleiman: his relative lack of fighting ability in foreign lands. By spreading this religion to other civs, you'll get a massive +10 strength boost when fighting there later. It also applies against cities - siege units boosted with Ibrahim's Serasker promotion and this belief get a massive +25 strength boost!

Defender of the Faith (Enhancer) - Helpful in defence, especially combined with Ibrahim's Head Falconer promotion.

Stewardship (Founder) - The Ottoman incentive to build plenty of Commercial Hubs can make this a mildly stronger source of gold than it'd otherwise be, though you might be better off taking Tithe.

World Church (Founder) - Large captured cities can yield plenty of bonus culture. Especially useful for Muhteşem Suleiman.

City-States

(Kanuni Suleiman) Akkad (Militaristic) - The combination of Janissaries, Bombards, Ibrahim's Serasker promotion and Akkad makes it extremely easy to tear down city defences.

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Geneva (Scientific) - The nature of Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability means that when you get his science bonus, you don't get his strength bonus. This means a science bonus at peace is more meaningful for him than it would be for other war-inclined leaders.

(Kanuni Suleiman) Hattusa (Scientific) - A lifeline if you don't have any nitre in your land, given how essential it is for both Janissaries and Bombards. Be sure to use Governor Magnus (the Steward) with the Black Marketeer promotion to make the small supply of nitre go further.

Muscat (Trade) - A useful means of getting amenities out of your Commercial Hubs before Grand Bazaars enter the game.

Taruga (Scientific) - Been searching for strategic resources to use in conjunction with the Grand Bazaar? Now you can get science on top.

Administration - Wonders and Great People

Wonders

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Etemenanki (Ancient era, Writing technology) - Capture rather than build this wonder. Bonus science can be built upon by Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability.

Great Lighthouse (Classical era, Celestial Navigation technology) - The faster Barbary Corsairs are, the more coastal raids they can conduct.

Terracotta Army (Classical era, Construction technology) - A helpful wonder to build during or after early Catapult-led wars, as you'll be able to get plenty of highly-promoted units ready for later wars.

(Kanuni Suleiman) Casa de Contratación (Renaissance era, Cartography technology) - With an extra Governor relative to other civs, you can get a lot more out of the bonus Governor promotions, as well as the bonuses to gold, production and faith.

Taj Mahal (Renaissance era, Humanism civic) - As Kanuni Suleiman, if you want to exploit Ibrahim's Grand Vizier promotion to its fullest potential, you'll need to maximise the loyalty pressure on rival cities. The best way to do so is to enter a Golden or Heroic age - the bonus era score from the Taj Mahal will help. As Muhteşem Suleiman, the Taj Mahal makes it easy to maintain your science and culture bonuses.

Venetian Arsenal (Renaissance era, Mass Production technology) - Allows you to train double quantities of Barbary Corsairs.

Big Ben (Industrial era, Economics technology) - The cheap Bank replacement the Ottomans have makes the adjacency prerequisite for this wonder easy to achieve. Extensive raiding with Barbary Corsairs can also help you build a large treasury, which can then be boosted once the wonder is complete.

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Estádio do Maracanã (Atomic era, Professional Sports civic) - Grants a huge boost to culture boosted further with Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability.

Great People

Great Generals and Admirals are only mentioned if their retirement bonuses have specific synergy with the civ; not merely for providing a strength bonus to a unique unit.

Classical Era

Gaius Duilius (Great Admiral) - If you have another spare classical/medieval era Great Admiral, go ahead and retire Gaius Duilius on a Barbary Corsair unit. It'll receive +10 strength, making it even more dominant on the seas prior to the renaissance era, and stand up reasonably well to renaissance-era threats.

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Hypatia (Great Scientist) - Boost Library science, and gain more on top via Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability.

Medieval Era

El Cid (Great General) - Got a spare medieval/renaissance-era Great General? Great! You can retire El Cid on a Janissary (or even a Catapult, Trebuchet or Bombard) for an especially powerful unit. Bombard corps will deal massive damage against cities, while Janissary corps can fend off practically any pre-modern era threat.

(Kanuni Suleiman) Irene of Athens (Great Merchant) - Grants a Governor title; useful for making the most of Ibrahim.

Leif Erikson (Great Admiral) - A particularly useful Great Admiral for the Ottomans. Crossing oceans early allows Barbary Corsairs to attack foes from more angles, and extra sight helps to scout out for danger (or spy on enemy lands while you're raiding coasts).

Rajendra Chola (Great Admiral) - A very handy +3 strength bonus to all naval units, including Barbary Corsairs.

Renaissance Era

Francis Drake (Great Admiral) - Get a Barbary Corsair for free!

Giovanni de Medici (Great Merchant) - Get a Grand Bazaar for free!

Gustavus Adolphus (Great General) - A free Bombard without the need for nitre or the Metal Casting technology. Can save a few turns before launching a Janissary-led war.

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Leonardo da Vinci (Great Engineer) - A permanent +3 culture to all Workshops - or +6 if you have the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus and can retire him twice. This in turn is boosted further by Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability.

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Isaac Newton (Great Scientist) - Permanently boosts the science yield for all Universities, boosted further by Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability.

Santa Cruz (Great Admiral) - Allows access to an early Barbary Corsair armada, which fights almost as well as a Battleship!

Industrial Era

(Kanuni Suleiman) Adam Smith (Great Merchant) - Grants a bonus Governor title.

James Young (Great Scientist) - Revealing oil early helps you work out which cities need to focus on building up Commercial Hubs and Grand Bazaars ahead of the Refining technology.

(Kanuni Suleiman) Napoleon Bonaparte (Great General) - Allows you to create a Janissary army with an impressive 77 strength.

Modern Era

(Muhteşem Suleiman) Albert Einstein (Great Scientist) - Extra science boosted further from Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability.

Mary Katherine Goddard (Great Merchant) - Kanuni Suleiman lacks much in the way of combat bonuses against units, so the strength bonus from diplomatic visibility is useful if an advantage can be achieved there. Given it's achieved via a Great Merchant, and the Ottomans are encouraged to build a lot of Grand Bazaars, this is easy to achieve for both leaders.

(Kanuni Suleiman) Tupac Amaru II (Great General) - Receive a group of Janissaries for free!

Atomic Era

Georgy Zhukov (Great General) - Having a greater supply of strategic resources allows you to support more units on the battlefield and hence get more out of this boost to flanking strength.

Counter-Strategies (Part 1/2)

The Ottomans come with a huge variety of bonuses in warfare, and that on the face of it can seem pretty scary. But the Ottomans have some notable limitations - their dependence on nitre in the renaissance era, and their inconsistent fighting ability against enemy units.

Civilization Ability: Great Turkish Bombard

Ottoman siege units will be very effective against cities, but not very effective against units. Light cavalry are your best bet against them due to their ability to ignore zone of control, their superior movement and their access to two promotions (Coursers and Spiking the Guns) which offer strength bonuses against siege.

When they capture cities, the Ottomans keep the full population and get a bonus to both loyalty and amenities. The combined effect means the Ottomans tend to have fewer loyalty problems than other civs, so don't count on being able to flip cities out of their control. However, keeping a city's full population does mean that losing a city to the Ottomans and then recapturing it isn't as much as a loss as it would be if you recaptured a city taken by a different warmonger. One possibility is to use the Crusade belief in your religion so if you lose a city it's easier to take back. Crusade offers twice the strength bonus of Defender of the Faith, so it can have a bigger impact.

Kanuni Suleiman's Leader Ability: Grand Vizier

This bonus is at its most effective when Kanuni Suleiman can secure a high number of governor titles. Denying him access to the Casa de Contratación wonder will definitely be useful, as denying them the Great Merchants Irene of Athens and Adam Smith.

Having an extra governor means Kanuni Suleiman have to rearrange their distribution of titles relative to many other warmongers, which might delay him access to Governors like Magnus (the Steward) or Pingala (the Educator). That could slow down his production or research to some extent.

Keeping your diplomatic visibility on the Kanuni Suleiman high is a good idea. At level one (achievable by researching the Printing technology), you can see where he has Governors located. At level two (achievable with the Printing technology and a Spy on the Listening Post mission) you can see specifically where Governor Ibrahim is. In peacetime, all you need is a delegation and a trade route to achieve level two visibility, but that won't help you in war-time. Once you know where Ibrahim is, you can send a Spy over to disable him with the Neutralise Governor mission.

Head Falconer

This promotion can make it tough to fight Ottoman cities, especially seeing as Ibrahim can relocate in just three turns. Attacking two Ottoman cities at once is a possible workaround, as is trying to lure Ottoman units to leave the city's territory before finishing them off.

Serasker

This promotion is a huge threat, but only if the Ottomans can reach your cities to begin with. Cavalry units are good against Ottoman siege units, can deal with their other land units reasonably well, and impose zone of control (so their Janissaries/siege units won't slip through). Still, watch out for any cavalry units that they try and move through your defences - having a wall of units defending your city from the side facing the Ottomans should help.

Khass-Oda-Bashi

This promotion works both ways - if you're allied with the Ottomans, your alliance will develop faster! The strong military power of the Ottomans can make them a good ally, though your other allies might not get on with them so well.

Capou Agha

While one of the weaker promotions for Ibrahim, it still can prevent you from calling military aid emergencies in certain situations or result in the Ottomans having more diplomatic favours than you'd otherwise expect. Oh the whole, however, the effect is minimal and it's not something you need to play around.

Grand Vizier

A powerful and tough promotion to counter. If you have level two diplomatic visibility on the Ottomans, you'll know where Ibrahim is. If he's present in another civ's capital, check the loyalty lens for any Ottoman cities near to them. If the level of loyalty gain seems unusually high, then Ibrahim most likely has this promotion.

Forming a cultural alliance with the Ottomans is a good way of circumventing this promotion's bonus, as you'll get no loyalty pressure from them that way (plus you'll get the extra aliance points from Khass-Oda-Bashi). But if that isn't an option, you'll want to make sure your internal loyalty pressure is high - having plenty of amenities, era score and well-positioned Governors will help if you're struggling to keep hold of some border cities.

Kanuni Suleiman's Unique Unit: Janissary

If the Ottomans under Kanuni Suleiman can't get nitre, they can't train Janissaries, and if they can't capture any cities early on, they'll lose population when training them. As such, the best counter to Janissaries is to constrain Ottoman expansion early on. Aside from the two Ottoman UUs, the civ generally lacks strength advantages against units leaving them with some weaknesses in their early warfare. Things get a lot tougher if the Ottomans are able to train up Janissaries.

Janissaries both have strength and numbers advantages. Promoted Knights can work if you have more of them than the Ottomans have Janissaries, but until the industrial era you'll need more than just using specific units. Other strength bonuses like the Defender of the Faith bonus, or Governor Victor (the Castellan)'s defensive bonus, will be really helpful while you work towards industrial-era units. Into the industrial era, Cuirassiers or Cavalry will perform well against the Ottomans, and Field Cannons will help as well.

Kanuni Suleiman's Agenda: Lawgiver

A computer-controlled Kanuni Suleiman prefers to keep the amenity and loyalty level of his cities high. He likes civs that have high amenities and loyalty as well as captured cities, and dislikes civs that have low amenities and loyalty or few captured cities.

Kanuni Suleiman's agenda is a perfect fit for a civ with good city-flipping capabilities like England/France under Eleanor of Aquitaine or Phoenicia. It also works well for civs incentivised to war a little but not throughout the game. Purely peaceful civs, and warmongers without amenity bonuses, will struggle to meet this agenda.

Counter-Strategies (Part 2/2)

Muhteşem Suleiman's Leader Ability: The Magnificent

A key difference to remember between the two Suleimans is this: Kanuni Suleiman is vulnerable in the ancient era. Muhteşem Suleiman is not. Until the classical game era, he's guaranteed a +4 strength bonus against all other full civs - including your own.

Thankfully, if either you or Muhteşem Suleiman has a Golden Age, he loses the +4 strength advantage, and he's left with a notable lack of direct combat advantages. That's a good time to start a war with light cavalry! They have promotions both to deal with siege units and to pillage faster, and pillaging his Campuses and Theatre Squares will greatly curtail Muhteşem Suleiman's boosts to science and culture.

You can manipulate Muhteşem Suleiman's leader ability by nudging him into getting more or less era score. As an example, clearing Barbarian Encampments near his lands will deny him era score while giving you some; leaving them be will help him gain more. Outcompeting him in the race for wonders will deny him era score; deliberately not competing with his desired wonders will help him gain more.

Muhteşem Suleiman's Agenda: Golden Age of Suleiman

Muhteşem Suleiman likes civs in a Golden or Heroic Age, and dislikes those in Dark Ages. This overlaps with the Sycophant hidden agenda, so he'll never have the latter.

Many civs work well aiming for a classical-era Dark Age leading into a medieval-era Heroic Age. If you border Muhteşem Suleiman and are adopting this strategy, consider training extra light cavalry units to resist his Catapults if he decides to invade.

Wonder-centric civs like France and Egypt should find it easier to get along with Muhteşem Suleiman as they're more likely to be able to sustain Golden Ages.

Unique Unit: Barbary Corsair

Barbary Corsairs are mostly a threat in the medieval era. They can easily pick apart Galleys and Quadriremes, and they're hard to attack with siege units. As such, your best option to counter them is to research Cartography and build some Caravels. You can also reduce the risk of coastal raids by avoiding building improvements or districts on the coast if the Ottomans start near you.

Relative to Privateers, Barbary Corsairs have no advantages in combat. This makes them vulnerable to the attacks of Caravels, Frigates and Ironclads - or even other Privateers. Use your navy to keep Ottoman Barbary Corsairs away from your coast, as even one can destroy a lot and gain a lot of health/gold/faith in a single turn.

Getting Great Admirals will help. The Ottomans have a stronger incentive to build Commercial Hubs than Harbours, so they're unlikely to have many of their own.

Unique Building: Grand Bazaar

The less land the Ottomans can secure, the less effective this building is, as they'll have fewer strategic and luxury resources. But if restraining Ottoman expansion early on isn't an option, this is a good building to target for pillaging. It'll cost the Ottomans amenities, gold and strategic resources all at once.

The Siphon Funds mission is a great way to train new Spies, and can be done at Commercial Hubs. The Ottomans will have plenty of them thanks to this UB, so you can earn plenty of cash and Spy promotions ready for use against them in Neutralise Governor missions.

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Gathering Storm

Compilation Guides

• Civ summaries (Start here for an introduction for all civs)
  
• Civ-specific tricks, secrets and clarifications (Ideal for more experienced players)

Individual Civilization Guides

• America - no additional content* (Cultural/Diplomatic/Domination)
  
• America - all additional content* (Cultural/Diplomatic/Domination/Scientific)
  
• Arabia (Domination/Religious/Scientific)
  
• Australia (Domination/Scientific)
  
• Aztecs (Domination)
  
• Babylon (Cultural/Domination/Scientific)
  
• Brazil (Cultural/Domination/Religious/Scientific)
  
• Byzantium (Domination/Religious)
  
• Canada (Cultural/Diplomatic)
  
• China (Cultural/Domination/Scientific)
  
• Cree (Diplomatic)
  
• Egypt (Cultural/Diplomatic/Religious)
  
• England (Cultural/Domination/Scientific)
  
• Ethiopia (Cultural/Religious)
  
• France (Cultural/Domination)
  
• Gaul (Domination)
  
• Georgia (Diplomatic/Religious)
  
• Germany (Domination/Scientific)
  
• Gran Colombia (Domination)
  
• Greece (Cultural/Diplomatic/Domination)
  
• Hungary (Diplomatic/Domination)
  
• Inca (Religious/Scientific)
  
• India (Domination/Religious)
  
• Indonesia (Cultural/Domination/Religious/Scientific)
  
• Japan (All)
  
• Khmer (Cultural/Religious)
  
• Kongo (Cultural)
  
• Korea (Scientific)
  
• Macedon (Domination/Scientific)
  
• Mali (Diplomatic/Religious)
  
• Māori (Cultural/Religious)
  
• Mapuche (Cultural/Domination)
  
• Maya (Scientific)
  
• Mongolia (Domination)
  
• Netherlands (Scientific)
  
• Norway (Domination)
  
• Nubia (Domination)
  
• Ottomans (Domination)
  
• Persia (Cultural/Domination)
  
• Phoenicia (Domination)
  
• Poland (Cultural/Domination/Religious)
  
• Portugal (Diplomatic/Scientific)
  
• Rome (Domination)
  
• Russia (Cultural/Religious)
  
• Scotland (Scientific)
  
• Scythia (Domination/Religious)
  
• Spain (Domination/Religious/Scientific)
  
• Sumeria (Diplomatic/Domination/Scientific)
  
• Sweden (Cultural/Diplomatic)
  
• Vietnam (Cultural/Domination)
  
• Zulus (Domination)

*The Teddy Roosevelt Persona Pack splits Roosevelt's leader ability in two, meaning the game with it is substantially different from without - hence two different versions of the America guide. Lincoln was added later and is only covered in the latter guide.

Other civs with alternative leader personas are not split because the extra personas added in later content do not change the existing gameplay - as such the guides are perfectly usable by players without them.

Rise and Fall

These guides are for those with the Rise and Fall expansion, but not Gathering Storm. They are no longer updated and have not been kept up to date with patches released since Gathering Storm. To look at them, click here to open the Rise and Fall Civ Summaries guide. The "Other Guides" section of every Rise and Fall guide has links to every other Rise and Fall guide.

Vanilla

The Vanilla guides are for those without the Rise and Fall or Gathering Storm expansions. These guides are no longer updated and have not been kept up to date with patches released since Rise and Fall. To look at them, click here to open the Vanilla Civ Summaries guide. The "Other Guides" section of every Vanilla guide has links to every other Vanilla guide.

[MeniliteZ]

Ok I just tested this. He doesn't disappear, he's off to the side because he doesn't fit on the screen.

Use the mouse's scroll wheel, or there is a bar at the bottom to drag.

He's there at Turn 1. (Luckily I started next to a Wonder and discovered Hermetic Order!)

[MeniliteZ]

Disappears?
Are you sure you are using the correct Suleiman? Only one of him has the Vizier.

That'd be a very major bug if the mode just removes a major leader ability.

[NotGoofingOff]

Nope, I'm thinking of the Grand Vizier. It turns out that if I enable the Secret Societies mode, the Grand Vizier disappears. That makes sense, as otherwise Secret Societies would allow me to get the Grand Vizier even faster.

[MeniliteZ]

@NotGoofingOff
I was able to appoint my Grand Vizier as my first governor in the Ancient Era with my first Title. You must be thinking of the Janissary.

[NotGoofingOff]

Normally these guides are excellent, but this one makes a major error. A lot of the strategy centers around getting an early Grand Vizier with a Serasker promotion and then waging war. But you can't get a Grand Vizier until you have Gunpowder!

[Zigzagzigal]

Updated with Great Warlords content.

[Zigzagzigal]

The Ottomans and Canada (alongside some other civs) were introduced in Gathering Storm.

[Zigzagzigal]

GS stands for Gathering Storm, the second expansion to Civ 6. It's not yet available on all platforms.

[Zigzagzigal]

Fixed; thanks

[Bulletti]

Minor brain fart when comparing corsairs to caravels. You say "caravel" twice, when you meant to compare to a frigate.