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Retarder and engine brake are both wear-free additional brake systems that don't need air pressure to work.
In real life the engine brake is part of either the engine or the exhaust pipe.
The retarder is part of the gearbox.
Both brakes are only directly affecting the driven axle(s), so your truck might become unstable if you use them without the service brake (brake pedal) while turning or on wet roads.
In my opinion the engine brake isn't really needed in the game because the map scale is so small. But the retarder is useful for the "smart cruise control" function to keep your speed when rolling downhill.
The retarder is usually being used by a truck driver when you're slowing down from high speeds (e.g. highway, off-ramps or other roads).
The engine brake comes to play for braking from mid speeds to low speeds starting at different speeds, depending on how fast/hard you gotta brake.
You only use the air brakes to come to a complete stop after using the other two or for emergency braking or similar situations.
You sometimes use them a bit for normal braking as well, but only a little bit and not too much ;)(so that you don't lose too much air pressure)
If you're good at performing this braking procedure you can use it just like that in the game :)
Even with the map scale of the stock map ;)
See pieperjohanns' post for technical explanation ^^
And the reason for this procedure is that the braking power of the retarder is related to road speed (the faster you are going the stronger the effect, so it tapers off as you slow down) whilst the engine brake (compression or exhaust brake, depending on the setup) braking power is related to RPM (the higher the RPMs the stronger the effect, so it doesn't work well cruising in a high gear).