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DAM is the weapon's damage. A higher damage weapon deals more damage to heavily armored foes.
DPS is damage per second. Faster firing guns have a higher DPS, while rifles have a lower DPS.
I keep at least three weapons on me, because I don't use rocket launchers, miniguns, etc. What I look for, however, is one weapon with good DAM (usually a sniper rifle), a weapon with higher DPS (assault carbine or light machine gun, or laser RCW if you prefer energy weapons), and a pistol, to kill critters (molerats, mantises, bloatflies and other such weak targets). This way I save ammo. A melee weapon would also help here, if that's your thing.
Swapping ammo types also help. You can check their effects under 'Ammo' in the Pip-Boy. Hollowpoint rounds, for example, are best used against lightly armored targets. Chet in the Goodsprings General Store (next to the Saloon) provides you with these information and more.
As for the reloading bench, you can make bullets, but you'll need the right materials. Usually this involves breaking down bullets you don't use. In the same way, the workbench (the blue one) allows you to convert one energy ammo type to another.
Hope this helps. :)
This should help!
You will need different guns depending on the situation. You'll need a long range accurate gun. A short range gun that does a lot of damage regardless of accuracy. A gun that does a lot of DAM (powerful) and can penetrate armor, but may not do the most DPS. Experiment with all the guns and find which ones you like the best. Some things like recoil and sway don't show up in the stats.
Best dmg per Ammo of all the guns available in the game.
Or if you want to just have stupid fun and explore the story.
player.additem 001465A6 1
This page details every stats of every weapon in the vanilla game and DLC. Some research on the same site should provide explanation on how the damages are calculated and all that
.22LR: Pretty much useless aside from being used in the only two non-unique silenced weapons in the game. Deals barely any damage and the weapons deal reduced damage to limbs, making it the weakest ammo type. Depending on mods, it can be a good source of ammo crafting materials, though.
9mm/10mm: Both are mostly pistol and SMG ammo, although 10mm is used for the Shoulder-Mounted Machine Gun from Lonesome Road. They're useful for decent-DPS weapons, and the 9mm ammo is common enough to make a good anti-Cazador weapon at low levels.
5.56mm: Normal rifle ammo. Overall the most common ammo, since 5mm doesn't start dropping in large amounts until later and 9mm stops being useful just before then. If you're inclined towards sniping, the Varmint Rifle and later Ratslayer are good weapons for silenced killing until you get the actual Sniper Rifle and the mod to silence it.
5mm: The only base ammo with an inbuilt DR reduction. Usually used in either full-auto weapons like the Assault Carbine or my beloved Minigun. (I play a lot of Serious Sam) You can buy in large quantities, but that's because you burn through it fast. Yesterday, for example, I went through about three thousand of the JSP version (don't worry about that yet) with a Minigun and damn near broke the thing. It's weak, but like I said, it's got a -10 DR effect, so it doesn't need to be that strong.
.357/.44 Magnum: Both actually go with most of the weapon types. They both have pistols, .357 having two with Dead Money and the .44 Magnum being damn near useless due to crappy range and a serious VATS glitch that was never fixed. Both have rifles, the Cowboy Repeater and Trail Gun, respectively, and both are used in the K9000 line with Old World Blues.
.308: The main sniper round. Also used for the Auto. Rifle in Dead Money, but that weapon's...meh. It's fairly high damage compared to most weapons, although the .45-70 weapons beat it in damage but it's a much rarer type and the .50 MG is only used for the Anti-Materiel Rifle, something you wanna wait to try.
There's also explosive ammo, but those are pretty much only used for one weapon, like the Missile Launcher for Missiles and the Fat Man for Mini Nukes.
Stash a heavy weapon somewhere easy to get at for those times when you know you'll have to go up against a lot of enemies at once. Do the same with an anti-materiel rifle for when you *have* to cut through deathclaws. An alternative here, if you have a decentish energy weapons skill, is one of the bigger laser rifles.
If you're really patient, mines and a varmit rifle. Set the mines on the path towards you, shoot one with the varmit rifle and watch them blow themselves up.
My normal loadout is a 10mm SMG and a varmit rifle, later I may upgrade to a hunting rifle. At range the varmit can one/two shot most anything humanish and the SMG is for anything that manages to get close.
The normal base is pretty much the damned guide I wrote for sniping, so there's that too.
Edit: A link for the kids.
http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=212550789
Always try to attack from "Hidden".
Always learn to craft special ammo.
Thanks for the info. Never knew the 7.62mm was equivalent to a .308, different lengths aside.
No one mentioned my favorite gun, the 12.7mm submachine gun? Serious damage and DPS once you can afford it. Anti-material guns are great for deathclaws, but I actually prefer the sniper for all other long range kills. It scopes much closer so it is more accurate and has less kick and recoil.
But in the end, you can use just about any gun/guns to finish the game, when you max out your levels, you become super powerful.