I don't think these numbers are accessible inside the game, but they're in the source code repo (Deep_Storage.xml) May have copied them down wrong...oops.

'(#)' - holds max this many stacks per tile
'base' - storing always takes this much time
'/stack' - add this much per stack in the container
'/def' - add this much per different type of thing in the container
'/size' - add this much per count of the stack you're adding
'max' - worst case time when storing a vanilla full stack in a full container
Removing from a container is always free.

Double Shelves (2) base 25, 75/stack; max 175
Tall Shelves (4) base 25, 150/stack 10/size; max 1375
Meal Tray Rack (5) base 35, 5/stack, 2/def; max 70
Food Basket (5) base 300; max 300
Meat Hook (12) base 25, 20/stack; max 265
Hayloft (4) base 100, 8/size; max 700
Hamper (5) base 150, 75/stack; max 525
Pallet (4) base 300, 110/stack, 20/def; max 820
Wrapped Pallet (4) base 450, 70/stack, 5/def; max 750
Skip (6) min 100, 10/size; max 850
Medicine Cabinet (5) base 250, 25/stack, 25/def, 5/size; max 875
Clothing Rack (10) base 90, 15/stack; max 240
Weapons Cabinet (30) base 100; max 100
Weapons Locker (50) base 120; max 120
Safe (20) base 200; max 200

Also, most of these have a 150 path cost to walk through. The Food Basket, Hayloft, and Medicine Cabinet are 100. The Meat Hook is 50.

My evaluation of all this:
Double Shelf: Actually fantastic. Tiny cost, especially for single items (because it won't have two stacks while you store into it). Never be afraid of using these. Good spot for chemfuel (which won't fit in the other mod buildings). Also good for storing ingredients inside your kitchen, where speed is more important than huge capacity.
Tall Shelf: Actually terrible, at least for stackable items. If you're milking chemfuel into a nearly full Very Big Shelf, oh boy it'll take a while. Great choice for storing minified buildings and organs.
Meal Tray Rack: Super fast! Never leave meals on the floor of your freezer again. Also, excellent chocolate storage.
Food Basket: The best option in a small freezer, but don't put it where your pawns will sit in the door while they store into it. Not great for frequent short trips - maybe don't harvest from your fields into one.
Meat Hook: Not only are they super fast, but they're easy to walk through. Build a lot, because only one person can interact with any given storage at a time, no matter how big it is; if you just have one meathook for storage, you'll see a lot of hunted corpses rotting in the field.
Hayloft: This one is shockingly slow, mostly based on the size of the stack you're inserting, and it doesn't even give much extra space over Double Shelves. Maybe use those instead, if you need to store hay.
Hamper: Worse at storing food than food barrels. Better at storing mortar shells and plant material than the pallets. Better at storing medicine and drugs than a medicine cabinet. Worse at storing clothes than a clothing rack.
Pallet, Wrapped Pallet: Pretty terrible, but these are your only way of storing all those textiles, so grin and bear it! Seriously, that's all they're good for.
Skip: Hell yes. Storing chunks is super fast, and this thing really gets them out of the way. Also good at bricks, wood and steel as a mass-storage 'build and forget' solution I guess. Use this for central resources storage, or put it next to your smelter or your stonecutter's table to get chunks out of the way.
Medicine Cabinet: It's not as fast as a hamper, but at least it still holds Neuroamine too. Remember that only one person can interact with a storage at once, though: maybe you don't want these in your hospital. The more space your medicine takes up, the more accessible it is.
Clothing Rack: This is what really sells the mod, isn't it? No big surprises here. It's fast. If your clothes weigh as high as a parka, you'll be hitting the minimum storage of 5 per cell, though.
Weapons Cabinet, Weapons Locker: Same as the Clothing Rack. Good stuff. By weight, the Cabinet can store 8 assault rifles, and the Locker can store 14 of them.
Safe: Looks like it can store an amazing amount, for very little time! Except it can only store artifacts, silver, gold, and jade. Oh well. On the plus side, it makes items inside only 10% as likely to be noticed by destructive tantrums.