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To your questions, I would say no. Some correlation perhaps, but it tends to be mixed up afaik.
Same thing with all of the other biome types. The only outlier is probably exotic planets, which have unique flora and fauna on them, but are often still empty with nothing of value on them except for maybe a "glitch" decoration you can loot and place at a base.
Cold
Desert
Volcanic
Toxic
Radioactive
Airless
Anomalous (with some subsets)
Earthlike
Any of those is described in many different ways but they en up being the same thing.
The ones you described applies to the airless planets, they have no life, no damaging weather, low gravity, and drain heavily your life supports if you move. No matter how they are called they share those characteristics.
I reworded all the biome pages on the wiki to clear this up. These term used in name generation as far as I know, and the sequence is taken from the game file. If I would take a wild guess the temperature/toxicity etc. values are also randomly chosen (aka procedurally generated) from a certain range, as most aspects of the game.