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Bullets can pass through the plane itself also killing the pilot,and you really shouldnt rely on bulletproof glass to protect you from a bomber that has 50 cals loaded onboard.
If you look in x-ray, theres quite a lot of space between the pilot and engine that the .50 cal could have easily gone through and hit his torso, legs, or arms which is probably what happened.
So, when you take all that, it's quite easy for them to keep multiple guns and gunners on you, even if you kill some. Note that the side and rear gunners have 6.35mm of steel to help protect from HE rounds while the rear and ball turret gunners have 38mm of bulletproof glass (mainly for the rear gunner, ball gunner has it for fragment protection).
Bullet Proof Glass is not RHA...
The game uses an 'effectiveness' conversion for different armor types, which can be found here:
https://wiki.warthunder.com/index.php?title=Armour#Types_of_Armour
Armored Glass = x0.28 effectiveness.
your 50mm bullet proof glass is equal to ~14mm of RHA, which the .50 Cal can punch through handily.
Also consider that your plane is not bullet proof either - while the Ta 152 h1 does have a protective plate in front of the pilot. That plate is only 12mm thick and is made of Steel... again, not RHA...
Steel = x0.45 effectiveness.
5.4mm RHA effectively - which any .50 BMG round can punch through out to 1.5 km.
Why the 50 cal penned: Its AP, why the 20mm doesnt... most people use full (or mostly full) HE, and as you know, HE trades pen for punch.
The HE is blocked by the Glass, only damaging the outside of the plane, protecting the pilot and internal controls.
AP however, will pen it easily, this is because AP is meant for penetrating things... just look at the german MK 103's, their ap itself can pen some machines, but the hvap is better because of velocity. IRL, you didnt have 3rd person pinpoint headons, just look at the IL-2 for example, armor everywhere, sure its heavy, but it was intact like a brick on its fuselage.
Fighters dont have liberty like that, so they put as much protection (or as little) needed to protect the pilot from lighter armed fire.
(This is just my take on it)
Because 20mm and 30mm aircraft cannons don't have better penetration then the .50 BMG.
Aircraft cannons during world war 2 where never designed to penetrate armor... instead the main purpose of the aircraft cannon was to chuck explosive filled rounds at opposition in the hopes that you would shred them with fragmentation.
Almost every round in your cannon's belts that starts with 'HE' or 'F' don't actually penetrate, but instead explode on impact and spit out shrapnel in all directions that can penetrate 2-6mm.
And while you do have some cannons that have AP rounds... the powder to projectile ratio for most of these is so bad that it's effective power is actually similar to a .50 caliber AP round....
This is a size comparison between the different rounds all the planes fire:
http://i.imgur.com/tOJnGEi.png
As you can see, many of the 'Cannon' rounds are more projectile then they are propellent.