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The US/British .50 caliber M2 shoots 12.7x99.
The German 13mm is 13x64B.
The Russian 12.7mm is 12.7x108.
The Japanese and Italian 12.7's were 12.7x81SR.
Case dimensions aren't always a surefire way to tell which gun is the most powerful, as bullet velocity and bullet weight are what's truly important, but they are telltale signs.
So, to boil this down to the question of, "Are they effective or not?":
The German 13mm produces about 9,600 joules of energy at the muzzle with a 34 gram bullet.
The American .50 produces about 16,250 joules of energy at the muzzle with a 40 gram bullet.
TL;DR, not only is the 13mm starting out with less energy, it will drop the energy off faster, and it's more important to have a close engagement range to deal good damage.
So, yes, it's going to be far more potent than a .30 cal MG, but it will not be nearly as potent as the .50 BMG, despite being a larger caliber.
13x64B capable of penetrating (nearly) 2" of steel plate? I don't buy it.
There's the MG 131 (13x64B, 750m/s), which, while it isn't weedy, isn't anywhere near as strong as the .50 BMG (Which, can only penetrate ~1" of steel plate)
There's the MG151/15 (15x96, 850m/s), which despite having smaller caliber than MG151/20 I believe is much, much higher velocity, and yes, with AP-I(c) bullets has 50mm pen at (more or less) point blank.
Also, the MG151/15 is also used as motorcannon on Bf109 F-2.
I wasn't sure which you were talking about, but I wasn't going to believe a MG131 penetrating 50mm :\
Please, do elaborate.
The 13mm is a bigger round, sure, but the issue is...The 13mm is firing on an inferior platform compared to the Brownings.
AFAIK, you could allieviate the difference by firing HE rounds since HE rounds don't factor in shell velocity to deliever more pen like AP-based rounds do.