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"Proton is a tool for use with the Steam client which allows games which are exclusive to Windows to run on the Linux operating system. It uses Wine to facilitate this."
^ this. CrossOver is a commercially supported version of Wine. Proton is a fork of Wine that Valve created specifically to improve and focus on gaming. Proton has achieved far more compatibility and much better performance for games in the 4 years its been working on it than Wine has since its inception. Not knocking Wine by any means as they laid the groundwork for what Valve is doing with Proton.
Proton will almost assuredly run games better than CrossOver.
CrossOver is primarily a means to give money to CodeWeavers so that they can continue to pay for the development and maintenance of Wine, with an additional small benefit that they have a builds of Wine specifically geared towards Windows office software and they support Wine on Macs. Valve also give money to CodeWeavers so that they can continue to pay for the development and maintenance of Wine.
Proton is the Wine build that's specifically geared towards games. Vanilla Wine is not specifically geared for anything - they'd like all applications to work. And CrossOver is geared for those office applications that people might be inclined to pay for.
Incidentally, I asked the same question on the CrossOver forum. The response I got was that Steam Deck is not supported by CrossOver due to dependency issues.
Proton has been built into Steam for four years now, and is a big part of making the Steam Deck viable for a lot of people.