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First off, if Steam crashes while downloading and writing, it can easily corrupt files. There's nothing Valve could do to easily prevent this. All you can do if you get this, and every time thereafter you try to download you get problems, you willl have to clear the download cache.
It can also happen when your hard drive is too full, or there are other local problems your end. By the sound of your explanation, your connection is slow, which may well indicate why it crashed.
So a few things to check over:
First off make sure that you never run the drive Steam is on more than 90% full, or it will likely start doing all sorts of weirdness on downloads - from corrupting to pushing the download on another drive and so on.
Also, make sure that when you allow for that 90% you remember that for all games you need to allow up to THREE times the total file size. This is because Steam games are encrypted and compressed, so they need that extra swap space. In other words, if you have a 1TB drive, and you've used 850GB, then you have 50GB free. If you now wish to download a 50GB game, then you will NOT have space, as the up to 150GB required would run you over that 90% threshold.
Also, if your downloading speed is slow it can also be your hard drive playing up or not being up to scratch on top of this. As the games are compressed and encrypted, the limiting factor in your download speed is often your hard drive, not your connection.
If I had to guess though from what you've said, and the way it was checking (finalizing) files, I would be suspecting your hard drive might be failing.
If you have another drive to download to, you could try downloading something to that to test and see if this works. If it goes fine, then there's your answer.
Another thing to take note of for HDD, if you write a lot to it, you need to defrag it as data be stripped across the disk, and the needle has to go back and forth to catch each strap of data as it spins, as the more data you replace, overwrite, the more your data is on the HDD causing it to become slower, and less responsive handing it tasks like downloading, installing, or even writing things, that why defrag is needed to be do e on HDD is it reorganize your data, which can restore lost performance, as well become more responsive.
How downloading works on Steam, depending how game Dev package their game. As Steam games are normally compressed to save download time, and bandwidth, but depending on your system, installation can be affected taking longer if your system not up to the task, or HDD having issues handing the task at hand.
A) It download one big thing, and unpack afterwards.
B) It download chunk at a time, unpack, and repeat over, and over until finished.
Blue Line = Downloading.
Green Line = Writing to disk / Unpacking.
Then what have the tips we've already told you returned?
What did your anitivirus suite show?
You can try this simple thing - start windows in safe mode WITH networking. Run Steam, and try to download. If it all goes through OK, then it most certainly is either your antivirus blocking something or some other crapware on your computer doing it.