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The speed should be such that the AoA is 8.
Align the runway. When you are about to touch the deck, aim the speed vector at the crotch of the deck, which is the right side of the end of the runway.
https://youtu.be/ZSlkjyspnAk
Any mods?
If the AoA > 8, increase the throttle.
It is displayed on the left side of the HUD as "α".
If you are approaching on a 3° glideslope with α = 8, then your nose is pitched 5° up.
This is the perfect carrier landing attitude.
With the approach angles information other provided above, you should be good.
Ah, and do not forget to deploy the hook, I forgot it a few times...
Begin to slow down when approaching from several kilometers away.
If the AoA < 8, then keep slowing down.
If the AoA > 8, speed up.
While other people have given good advice here; no one has mentioned that carriers are a moving target. The carrier does 50 knots (if I remember rightly, might be different on some custom maps) and will be moving away from you. The runways are also different lengths, you don't want to land on the left runway ever. Always aim to come down at a slight angle across the deck to give yourself maximum braking room down the right side runway.
We'll assume you've jettisoned any remaining munitions into the ocean or a nearby civilian population.
First: Get a good long approach. There's two lines on the NAV map that mark the approach path to the carrier. Radio the carrier to request landing, this will enable the Optical Landing System ("The Ball") on both the carrier deck's left side and your HUD. This will show up as a two vertical lines on the left side of the HUD with a circle between them. This indicates how your approach to the deck is looking so you can tell if you're too low or too high and can wave off early instead of trying to afterburn down the deck after a botched attempt.
Second: Ideally you want to be in the approach slightly above stall speed so that you can control descent with the air brake providing drag and lowering lift rather than using the throttle to do this. It makes it way easier to come down and leaves you throttle in a single position so you can slam it forwards if you need to wave off.
Third: You don't really want to glide in smooth like you would on a long runway but instead sort of bump the deck so that your hook catches on the cables. There are four of them and it's possible to land by catching only one but more is better. As others have said, the cables are at the back of the carrier just before the citadel (the big structure on deck.) To this end, getting the carrier below the horizon by about five degrees is a good idea.
Fourth: The Witches Hat (little circle with two horizontal lines on either side and one vertical line above it) indicates where your plane will end up if conditions remain as they are. Naturally this is constantly changing but careful use of throttle and air-brake can put it on the cables and keep it there with some practice. Personally I find eyeballing it like this way easier than trying to follow 'procedure.'
Fifth: You're going to want to pull the nose up right before you touch down. This serves two purposes - the small but sudden manoeuvre will bleed a fair amount of speed and should bring you under your stall speed so that you drop onto the deck. The second purpose is so that the arrestor hook, which is at the rear of the fuselage, will touch down first and catch as many wires as possible. You don't want to land on all your wheels at once and bunny hop over the wires.
Lastly: The carrier is very quick to tell you to abort. Don't listen to it and come down if you're confident in your landing attempt. If you're not so sure the carrier's abort message usually comes early enough that you can throttle up and loop around for another attempt without being in a panic.
I don't think you can do this without using the throttle.
If you touch the deck with AoA = 8 and 3° glideslope, you don't need to pull the nose up.
If you need to pull up to catch the wire, you must have done something wrong.
Getting lined up horizontally can also be a bit of a pain. First, on the Nav map, put yourself right between the lines that trail from the carrier. When they tell you your landing runway, that also gives you a good indication of the heading (ex. runway 35 = 350 deg). Dial that number into the right value of the HSI (the compass with the plane picture in the middle). Then you will get ILS (Instrument Landing System) support which shows one vertical bar which will show you if you are left or right of the approach line and a horizontal bar which shows if you are above or below glide slope. Also, a slight cheat I use is to use the TGP to target the back of the ship and show it on a screen zoomed in a bit, which gives you a much better view of the runway from farther out so you can tell visually if you are lined up well before the deck is clearly visible otherwise.
In real life, a study showed that pilots feel more stressed when performing a carrier landing than when they are in actual combat. It's a hard thing to get down.