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To hold the parts together, use connectors. This requires a 1-block gap between sections which will be closed when the connectors mate. The connector tip only occupies half a block so the pair occupies one block in total when mated but each tip needs to be in a separate block in the editor. Connectors mate by default (assuming that they're powered) but will disconnect if either connector of the pair is sent a logic "on" signal.
Electrical connectors can route a composite signal. Each connector has a composite input and output. Anything sent to the input is forwarded to the output of the mated connector. Devices within each sub-object need to have signals routed to the connector(s) which are part of that sub-object; you can't route signals between devices in different sub-objects (the editor will let you do that, but it won't work). The same applies to power: keep power connections within the sub-object, and rely upon the connectors to route power between them.
You can also route signals using radio transmitter/receiver (Rx) blocks. Like connectors, these have a composite input and a composite output. They also have a logic on/off signal to select between receive (off) and transmit (on), and a numeric signal to select the frequency. What's sent to the input of a transmitter appears at the output of any receiver which is in range and using the same frequency.
The main distinction is that connectors will stop routing the composite signal when disconnected, while radio blocks will maintain the connection so long as the parts are in range.
Yet another option is cable anchors: electrical anchors connected with a cable (use the "rope logic" section of the logic view to connect anchors with cables) will route a composite signal, similar to a connector but without any mechanical coupling. These can be used for sub-objects which are attached by pivots/rails.
One caveat with multi-part builds: if you move a sub-object too far from its parent, it will despawn. So if you make e.g. a train with a (detachable) container then try to move the container half way across the map with a helicopter, the container will just vanish en route. If you want objects to be independent, they have to be spawned separately then joined within the simulation.
Anchors+cables can directly transmit a single on/off signal. For anything else, you need to use composite signals. If the signal you're trying to transmit isn't already composite, you need to convert it to composite then convert it back. For that, you need to use microcontrollers; there are no discrete logic blocks which do this.
Composite to on/off: composite input -> composite read (on/off) logic block -> on/off output
Composite to number: composite input -> composite read (number) logic block -> number output
On/off to composite: on/off input -> composite write (on/off) logic block -> composite output
Number to composite: number input -> composite write (number) logic block -> composite output
A composite signal has 32 on/off channels and 32 numerical channels. The composite read/write blocks allow you to select which channel(s) to read/write (read blocks always read a single channel, write blocks can write multiple channels). If you need more than that (unlikely), you'll need another pair of antennae/connectors/anchors.
Think of composite connections as being like a ribbon cable: many signals which are all connected and routed together.
just use magnets