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To get instant death you need either a brain shot, a spine severing shot, or a heart shot.
Vital hits will drop animals quickly but not always instantly.
The angle of your hit is almost equally important to your calibre. Try to make sure you have the animal perfectly perpendicular to your rifle's barrel for best results.
That said, the stats on the different ammo types are pretty accurate to how they behave, polymer usually penetrates the best but is the most expensive.
When in doubt, lead poisoning is highly lethal.
Most people think that the polymer tips are superior, and will penetrate more but that is not true.
The ammo types for each rifle are usually the standard and then the polymer, or soft point and hollow point. Basically, the standard rounds do more damage and more pentration than the more expensive varients. However, although these rounds' maximum penetration and stopping power outmatch the more expensive secondary ammunition, they lose energy fast. The more expensive secondary ammo will have more power and penetration ONLY at long distance, and only because the primary ammo effectiveness has decreased at that distance. The primary ammunition will do more damage and penetration at close range than the secondary ammunition will ever be capable of at close or long range. Using polymer tips at close range will actually give you less penetration than the standard. I would say carry both ammo types but switch ammo to secondary at 150m+ (or 50-100m+ for 30-30 & 45-70).
Shooting an animal in the head on the front or side of the skull of most animals is a bad idea, the skull is spherical and will likely deflect the bullet, I would recommend never to do it. If the deer is facing you, aim for where the top of the front legs meet the centre of their chest, this is where the heart is and not at the head. If the animal is side on, aim for where the leg meets the chest but slightly behind in the armpit crease, this will give you the best lung shot. If the animal is facing away from you, the back of the skull is flat enough and more reliable to penetrate for a brain shot, or alternatively if you have elevation from the target you can aim for the thorasic spine.
Shooting at the spine does not guarentee an instant death, neither does a brain shot. If you use a calibre that has low damage or penetration relative to the size of the animal then they can survive for a while before dying. You can see this in these screenshots, I was experimenting with calibres. As you can see, I did not get 100% quick kill which means they ran some distance even if it is a guarenteed 1 shot kill.
http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=1099608274
http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=909038998
http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=878482758
I hope this helps.
Thanks to your tip I got my mythical deer from the front, hit right in the heart.^^
Nice!
.270 is fine on red deer for integrity bonus.
Honestly, from my experience if your aim is solid it doesn't matter what bullet type you use. The .243 that you start with for free will 1 hit kill any animal in the game if you are accurate. The higher penetration rounds are only necessary at further distances where the bullet would lose some energy or if your aim is really bad. The tipped rounds are for long range sniping or short-medium ranged handicap for super easy mode in my opinion.
If your aim is right then you shouldn't get any bleed
http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=1093453154