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the best design overall, is your vertical walls being 3 wide, with a single column open in the middle, and at the very bottom of it a liquid pump. fill only the vertical section with water or other fluid, then activate pump when its completely full and pump fluid out. this will create vacuum, the perfect insulator of the game. as long as the wall isnt breached, no heat will transfer through that wall ever.
for horizontal it might be a bit harder but still possible to achieve with block deletion/deconstruction.
for early game ingneous insulation walls are best material for a quick fix to keep heat from bleeding into you base from the hotter biomes.
Good materials to build insulated tiles with are igneous and mafic.
A single layer of insulated tiles made from igneous or mafic is good enough to hold back the heat from, say, a caustic biome.
The 3 wide with vacuum in between is perfect insulation, although it takes a lot of effort to build. Regular tiles work fine here since it is the vacuum that insulates.
A good compromise between the vacuum wall and the single wall is a double layer insulated wall. In many cases this becomes perfect insulation because of how the heat flow is calculated. For something like a steam chamber I would go with the double layer wall.
https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=1920566541
https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=1920566721
and yeah i forgot double insulated walls, its a bit higher cost on materials than a vacuum wall, but is faster to get setup. and if built out of igneous or mafic, will not transfer heat one way or the other for the most part. if there is heat bleed, its so slow you'll never feel it.
That video is old, Abyssalite can't be used for construction anymore. Basically just use the material with the lowest thermal conductivity you have enough of, the "insulated" property makes up most of the insulation fumctionality.
Igneous rock is pretty much the go-to and good enough for almost anything. Use ceramic when you really need the best you can get ( until you can make the space-tech Insulation, but that's rather late game and is probably overkill except for some extreme use cases).
Early game - Igneous rock
Mid game - Ceramic (Clay + Coal)
Late game - Insulation (Abyssalite + Isoresin)
Also, there is a way to get lots of Ceramic in early game if you set up a Morb ranch and a Hatch ranch, plus Deodorizers and Kiln.
Morbs will produce Polluted Oxygen.
Deodorizers will convert Polluted Oxygen + Sand into Clay + clean Oxygen.
Hatches will convert Sandstone into Coal.
Kiln will convert Clay + Coal into Ceramic.