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I suspect the answer is "it depends".
It depends on your specific circumstances and the answer changes throughout the game.
For example, if you have a house out there, and the other houses near town, then if someone dies and only one person lives there, someone else will have to walk very far from town. Conversely, if you DO put a house out there, when the childs get old enough to work, they will have to walk very far to town. And school too I guess.
In the end, I place houses halfway to split the difference, sometimes someone has to walk halfway one direction and at other times someone has to walk halfway the other way, but because the housing is halfway it's uncommon for someone to have to walk all the way.
Yeah so I put a house (and later two) just inside the area.
I'm open to a different opinion.
In the end i suspect there IS a hard measurable answer based on the average of 50 years or so of 100+ villagers, but I am not going to do the work to find it out lol
Usually it's hard to get your market sphere to include outlying things like the forest node. That's OK as long as you give them a barn. The gatherers, hunters etc. take their goods to the barn and then the laborers/vendors pick it up and take it to the market. Then the vendors distribute it to the houses.
As for food and starvation remember that you need at least 100 food per person per year. That includes children. You really need so supplement your gatherer with a fishing hut early on in the game.
When it comes to firewood I start off with a woodcutter in town. I usually put a wood only stock pile in my second forest node and put another cutter next to it. Also, I build as many stone houses as I can. This cuts down on the amount of firewood people need.
A lot of what I'm describing pretty much depends on your style of game play, the type of map you're using and the conditions you have chosen. This early game strategy has always worked well for me and I hope you can adapt some of it to work for you.
Oh, and I always place a market where I can get the most houses inside it's radius.
See image below, as I discuss. This is a 100% un-modded game.
The first thing I want to advise, is the very second that you begin a new game, place the game immediately on Pause. I usually spend 10-15 minutes doing nothing but looking at the generated map and planning what I want to do. The two main considerations when studying your map, is where the best place for my Market will go, and where I will build my 2-to-4 Forest Nodes, as the game progresses.
From the image, you will see that I pinned the Market and also the Gatherers Hut, the Forester Lodge, the Hunting Cabin and the Herbalist, so that you can see the yellow radius circles for each one. I also used a winter time image, so that you can better see my roads.
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Your game is still on Pause. Place your Market down, usually near the center of your entire map (If you are playing on a huge map, you may want to plan for having two or three Markets). After placement, click on the Market skeleton on the map, and place it on hold (you will see a small Pause button in the small window that opens). Now pin the small Market window to one side/corner of your screen, so that the yellow radius circle is continuously visible. This is done just so that you know the extent of its radius, and to assist you in placing other structures. You can release it for actual construction later ; it is not a priority-build at the beginning of your game.
So, I am a believer that you should only have four (five actually, more on that later) structures in your entire "Forest Node Radius" (the yellow circles for all four structures). I place nothing else in these four circles. My theory is the more forest trees, then the more production these structures will give (veg/fruit, Logs, Venison & Herbs). Place the four structures very close to one another, like in a square-ish formation, touching one another. From my image you will see that I like to place them 2-by-2 with their entrances facing each other (this way you can have a path down the very center that will somewhat help with the citizens' speed-in-movement, in this general area). Place all four/five structures down, but then place them all on Pause. (Very important to) Release one at a time to be built, depending on your priority.
Your Forest Node Radius should be just outside the yellow circle radius of your Market. A little-bit of buffer in between the two is fine (so that you can build other important structures in this area). I try as much as possible to leave the radius of my Market for homes only. But there are exceptions. In my image (you cant see it completely but) I have ALL my homes in the radius of my Market. There is not a single home outside of it.
(PS: In this game, I have a total of 3 Forest Nodes surrounding my single Market.)
Later (not an initial priority) build one or two roads leading to the center of the Forest Node. You can start with a Dirt Road, and later convert it to a Stone Road (but before you construct the Stone Road, re-check using the Path tool, to see if anything changed). Use the Path tool to get an idea of where the best location for your road(s) will be placed. Also later, you can build the "fifth structure" which is a Well (close to the initial four structures), just in case you have a fire here.
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Other Notes:
When cutting down trees at the very beginning of your game to acquire Logs (to build structures), do NOT cut down trees anywhere in the Forest Node Radius. Instead cut down trees in the Market radius area. On the other hand when hammering-down for Stone and Iron, concentrate on DOING THIS IN the Forest Node Radius. Stone and Iron boulders keep trees from growing where they are located, so remove them to allow for additional forest trees (and veg/fruit, herbs) to grow.
Build your first Storage Barn, somewhere in the middle buffer zone, between the Forest Node Radius and the Market radius.
Also place two Wood Cutters down (and put them on Pause) in this same area (one that you build somewhat soon, and the other one much later). Make sure you place one or two medium/large Storage Piles, directly in front of both Wood Cutters. Don't build Storage Piles anywhere else except directly in front of Wood Cutters. By doing this, there will be easy and quick access to Logs for your Wood Cutters. Having them run around the map to find Logs for Firewood will cause you trouble. You can moderately/drastically increase the speed and amount of Firewood by following this advise.
Your initial Blacksmith and Taylor can also go in this middle buffer zone area.
A well placed Fishing Dock with plenty of water in its yellow circle radius (and somewhat close to your initial build area) will give you a good amount of food. Actually the Gatherers Hut and Fishing Dock are my initial number one and two, food structures that I like to build. If a Fishing Dock in not feasible (yet), then do the Hunting Cabin. I do not recommend that you build a Crop Field or Orchard in the beginning (leave that for later).
Items your people can get "consistently for free," like the items from your Gatherers Hut, Fishing Dock, Hunting Cabin and Herbalist, should have a very high limit (food and herbs limit). You can never have too much food, as you will need it later (trust me). Besides, an excessive amount of food and herbs can always be transferred to your Trading Post(s) to use as an exchange for other items you will need/want. So raise those limits (you should never see that you have reached "the limit" on "free items"). This may mean that you may need to build more Storage Barns, so plan accordingly.
As explained multiple times above, don't be afraid to place many structures down and then put them on Pause (to be built one at a time later). But make sure your game is Paused, when doing this. That way your people are not directed to do one thing in the game code, and then must turn around to do something else, because they "now realize" that this build is now on hold. This could be a waste of time and resources on something you really don't want to build right now.
Good luck. If you have any questions, ask.
If there is a way I can share my game, it would probably be easy to just let you download it and play (see) it, so you can understand some of what I have done. Use it as a guide, but by no means is it perfect. Insert some of you have learned, and the advise from others, into what I have done.
https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=2148865160
I build small communities, Gather, Hunter/Apiary/Fishing Hut (depends where I'm building which one I use), Forester, barn, 6-8 houses, school and well. My Herbalists are placed at the outer edges of my community. Hospitals in between the community
Markets are then placed to connect them.
Trading post goes in when I have the basic town set up usually 300 population.
But this is my play style, it may not work for you.
There are so many different ways to successfully play this game you just need to find what works for you.
Remember there is no such thing as too much food.
That's an interesting game plan Claybot. I just may have to give it a try.
She has a very no-nonsense, relaxed way of showing how to set up a town in a very efficient manner, and explains WHY she places things where she does.
Believe me, you can't go wrong having a look... It will greatly improve your gameplay on this game for ever more.
I have a very detailed description of the Market, and what its radius of effect has on your communities.
I never place buildings inside a foresters hub, I place a single road, and single, 1x10 stockpile at the radius, facing up towards the forestry hut. I place barns, and houses, directly outside the radius of the Hub, all along a straight road I build that cross sections the single road leading towards the Hub. As soon as I can, I upgrade these particular roads to stone, so my people move faster. These are the exceptions to my stone usage, because it is usually too precious. So only the foresters/gatherer's Hub gets a stone road upgrade, along with the road directly towards, their barn, and houses. Then I forget about stone roads.
If you need more wood production. I suggest, putting a forester, inside the Market Radius, without a Gathering post, so that you can simply assign labourers, to clearcut inside the town, and have a single forester busy replanting all the trees inside the Market zone. Boosts your firewood production exponentially as well. You could also employ a Gatherer if you really wanted to, but I never found it necessary. However, Having a Forester inside the Radius of Your Market, makes an Excellent spot for your Herb Gathering post. Then the Citizens, do not have to wander so far to get to her Hut, and she clears the ground of herbs. I don't use Herbs, instead I use Diet to control the Health of my Bannies.
I do the same. (Or, at least similar.)
For my "Forest Hub" kind of setup, I place a Barn nearby and try to make sure my Marketplace has the Barn in its radius as well as all the houses it will serve. (I use Colonial Charter;s "Small Barn" to serve as storage for Forest Hub stuffs outside of wood/logs which has its own stockpile near the Small Barn or Forester lodge,too.)
PS: I generally only build one Herbalist until I get a larger population or have health issues before I get a hospital. If I'm selling Herbs regularly from the Trading Post, I may build another Herbalist. But, they tend to gather a ton of herbs with just one maxxed-out Herbalist.