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It doesn't determine the effectiveness. The unit's stats do, and as you can see, pikemen have pretty poor melee stats. Their effectiveness is exclusively in formation.
Mass has little bearing on infantry vs infantry combat. It more affects how fast a unit tires and how badly it gets hurt when cavalry charges into it.
Looking at the melee stats Egyptian pikes undeployed would probably trade evenly against Egyptian swords, but take note that the custom battle cost of the pikes is more than double that of the swords and the swords have precursor javelins that will skew the engagement in their favor if they get a volley off. So not a good trade in most circumstances.
While very unrealistic, in terms of just game mechanics charging pikes in undeployed and then deploying their pikes point blank into the enemy is a viable battle tactic. It is usually best to stack the pike unit behind a real infantry unit when doing this though since lone undeployed pikes are very vulnerable.
Btw egyptian pikemen is not heavy, but medium inf. unit and move faster too. Sending sword infantry would be better since they cost less and have similar power, and better shield block vs ranged fire. And if they win the fight they throw pila down from walls-very useful.
The Egyptian sword infantry (cost 200) vs Egypt pike (cost 430) in 1v1 the fight is equal, it is based on luck. If the sword unit throws pila or charge, pike stands no chance.
Using them as Flankers is somewhat sub-optimal, Its doable , but slow and leaves that unit vulnerable to counter charging and missiles.
Pikes are best used as the Anvil in hammer and anvil tactics or as a wall in choke-points. And they do great at that job as long as they get supported.
with out phalanx they are weak
pikes are really good to stop serious cavalry marauding, and thats where i tend to use them most, except against horse archers lol. pikes by themselves don't win major battles for me, but, in city fighting they are pretty interesting to stop enemy cav charges that try to press your men flat. like if you're assaulting major fortifications in egypt or carthage where elephants are used.
otherwise, spear infantry in a phalanx or sword infantry in a shield wall are my go-to all purpose infantry unit.
pikes by themselves can't really kill much outside of the pike wall. they're great when you are ok to hold an area, they're not as good when you have to move around. if the AI was using artillery on you, you wouldn't like the pikes as much lol