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MSG90: A somewhat cheaper and lighter 600 millimetres (23.6 in) long barrel version of the PSG1 modified for military sniping/designated marksman applications. The MSG90 and PSG1 have different trigger packs.
PSG1: A free-floating 650 millimetres (25.6 in) long barrel semi-automatic only version of the G3 introduced in 1985 with a strengthened receiver with rails welded over the channels where a retractable buttstock would slide and numerous other upgrades and such to meet the necessities of police sniper units. This rifle is famous for its accuracy and comfort, but infamous for its price and inability to be deployed by military units because some upgrades made the rifle too fragile. PSG stands for Präzisionsscharfschützengewehr ("Precision Sniper Rifle").
HK32: An experimental variant of the rifle chambered for the Soviet 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge. It was never wholly adopted by any country.[Footnote 1][30][31]
G3A1*: The terminology used by custom gunsmiths (e.g., Choate) and importers (e.g., Interarms) for imported semi-automatic G3 weapons with an aftermarket side-folding stock. This is not part of official HK nomenclature.
HK41: The HK41 is a semi-automatic version of the G3 that was marketed to law-enforcement. Limited sales at home and US import restrictions and firearms regulations led this weapon to be dropped from HK's product line quickly and it was replaced by the HK91.
Fleming Arms HK51: Contrary to popular belief, the HK51 is not made by H&K, being a creation of the American Class II manufacturing after-market. The HK51 has no real standards, but is usually a cut down and modified G3A3, or its semi-automatic clones the HK41 and HK91, modified to take MP5 stock and accessories. It is usually fitted with a collapsible stock; with a 211 mm (8.31-inch) long barrel; it is relatively small at 589 mm (23.17 inches) with the stock retracted and 780 mm (30.72 inches) with the stock extended. The first commercial version was by Bill Fleming of Fleming Arms and existed before Heckler & Koch made the HK53.
HK91: The HK91 is a semi-automatic version of the G3 similar to the HK41, also marketed to civilians. However, in order to comply with US firearm regulations a number of modifications to the HK91 were made that do not appear on the first pattern HK41. Internal parts that could allow fully automatic fire were removed. A shelf was welded onto the receiver where the push-pin of the trigger pack would normally go, to prevent installation of a fully automatic trigger pack. This did not allow the use of the paddle style magazine release and so the magazine release button on the right side of the magazine well must be used instead. It is otherwise identical to the G3A3/A4. Importation into the United States began in 1974 and ceased in 1989, with some 48,000 rifles being imported.
SR9: These variants of the HK91ZF were created to comply with the Semi-Auto Import Ban of 1989, which included all variants of the HK91. They differed from the HK91 in that they had their flash hiders removed and featured a smooth forend that lacked the bipod attachment point. The SR9 series were banned from importation to the United States because they could accept standard-capacity magazines. The SR9 was an HK91A2ZF with the pistol grip and buttstock replaced with a one-piece thumbhole stock.
SR9 (T): The (T), or "Target", model was an HK91A2ZF with the trigger replaced with the PSG-1 model, the pistol grip replaced with an ergonomic PSG-1 grip and the buttstock replaced with an MSG90 model.
SR9 (TC): The (TC), or "Target Competition", model was an HK91A2ZF with the trigger group, pistol grip and buttstock derived from the PSG-1.
Other manufacturers
PTR Industries 91 Series: PTR Industries is manufacturing semi-automatic copies of the HK G3 called the PTR 91.[32] They use tooling from the FMP arms factory in Portugal to build the rifles.[33]
Century International Arms: Century Arms builds a clone of the CETME C (similar to a G3) under the designation C308.[34]
SAR-3: Semi-automatic copy of the HK-91 made by Hellenic Defence Systems in Greece and imported into the United States by Springfield Armory.[35][36]
SAR-8: Post-ban version of SAR-3, modified with a thumbhole stock and shipped with 10-round magazines to comply with import restrictions.[36][35]
Schwaben Arms: Civilian clones for the German market called M41.[37]
MKE: MKEK made a clone known as the T41.[38]
LuxDefTec: Luxembourgish clones of the G3 designated HSG41.[39]
Active
Afghanistan: Iranian and Turkish-made G3s[40][41]
Angola[42]
Argentina: Grupo Halcón (Buenos Aires Police Special Operations Group)[43]
Bahrain[42]
Bangladesh: G3A3, G3A4 & G3/SG-1 variants are in service.[42]
Brazil: Seized rifles used in limited numbers by the Rio de Janeiro Civil Police.[44][45] G3A3, G3A4 and G3SG1 used by special forces. G3A4 and G3SG1 used by police forces. G3SG1 used by BOPE.[46][47]
Bahrain[42]
Bolivia[42]
Botswana[48]
Brunei[42]
Burkina Faso:[42] French-made G3s[49]
Burundi[42]
Cameroon[42]
Chad[42]
Central African Republic[50]
Chile[42]
Republic of Congo: Used by Cocoye militia during Congo Civil War[51]
Côte d'Ivoire:[42] French-made G3s[49]
Cyprus[42]
Djibouti[42]
Dominican Republic[42]
El Salvador[42]
Estonia: Uses the Ak4 and AG-3F2 variant.[52]
Ethiopia[53]
Gabon:[42] French-made G3s[49]
Cameroon[42]
Chad[42]
Central African Republic[50]
Chile[42]
Republic of Congo: Used by Cocoye militia during Congo Civil War[51]
Côte d'Ivoire:[42] French-made G3s[49]
Cyprus[42]
Djibouti[42]
Dominican Republic[42]
El Salvador[42]
Estonia: Uses the Ak4 and AG-3F2 variant.[52]
Ethiopia[53]
Gabon:[42] French-made G3s[49]
Germany: Used by the German Army from the 1950s until the mid-1990s as the primary service rifle.[54] Originally to be replaced by the HK G41 and HK G11, post-reunification budget cuts forced the procurement of the HK G36 instead. Large numbers still in storage, and is used in overseas deployments as a designated marksman rifle. Some variants still in use by border guards and police forces.[42]
Ghana[42]
Greece: The HK G3A3 replaced the American M1 Garand in the late 1970s and manufactured under license by Hellenic Defence Systems[55][56]
Guyana[42]
Haiti[42]
Iceland: AG-3 supplied from Norway[57]
Iran: Manufactured locally by Defense Industries Organization as the G3A6. A bullpup variant is called the G3-A3.[58]
Iraq[42]
Kurdistan: 8,000 rifles[59]
Ireland[42]
Jordan[42]
Kenya[42]
Latvia: Ak4 variant used by National Guard, Being replaced by G36 [42]
Kuwait[60]
Lebanon:[42] French-made G3s[49]
Libya[42]
Lithuania: Ak4 variant was used by the Lithuanian Armed Forces[61] and Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces.
Malawi[42]
Malaysia: The Malaysian Army and Royal Malaysia Police used the G3A4 as their standard weapon along with HK33 since the early 1970s during Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89). The G3/SG-1 used by the sniper teams of both the military and police special forces. It was replaced by the Colt M16A1. The G3/SG-1 is currently used in reserve and paramilitary units[42]
Mauritania[53] – French-made G3s[49]
Mauritius: Former main battle rifle of the Military of Mauritius. Kept in reserve for training. Still in use in limited amount with the anti-riot police.[citation needed]
Mexico:[42] Made under license by Departamento de la Industria Militar, Dirección General de Fábricas de la Defensa, slowly being replaced by the FX-05 Xiuhcoatl
Myanmar[42]
Niger:[42] French-made G3s[49]
Nigeria: Produced under license by Defense Industries Corporation[62]
Norway: Locally produced variant designated AG-3. In service with the Norwegian Army from 1968 to 2008. Largely phased out in the Home Guard (HV) , only used by HVU units at this time.
Pakistan: Locally produced by Pakistan Ordnance Factories in G3P4 designation[63][64]
Papua New Guinea[65]
Paraguay[53]
Peru[42]
Philippines[53]
Portugal: Starting in 1962, it was made in Portugal under license by the Fábrica do Braço de Prata. The Portuguese Marine Corps use a modernized version of the G3A3/A4 with kit Spuhr and Aimpoint CompM4 red dot sight.[66]
Qatar[42]
Romania[67]
Rwanda[42]
Saudi Arabia:[42] Made under license by the Military Industries Corporation, General Organization for Military Industries in Alkharj[68]
Sierra Leone: 8,000 received from the UK and Nigeria during the 1970s and the 1980s. Some Iranian-made G3s have also been recovered.[69]
Somalia[42]
Senegal[42][70] – French-made G3s[49]
Serbia: Used by Special Forces[71]
South Africa: Used by Special Forces[42]
Sudan: Made under license by Military Industry Corporation as the Dinar[72]
Syria – G3A3 and G3A4s used as designated marksman rifle by Republican Guard.[75]
Tanzania[42]
Togo[42]
Turkey: Made under license by Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu (MKEK) ("Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation") as the G3A7 and G3A7A1. A local version called the M65 was produced between 1966 and 1983. During the 1980s it was gradually replaced by the M79, a locally produced version of the HK-33 assault rifle.[76]
Uganda[42]
Ukraine: 1,000 G3A3/4s sent by Portugal as part of a military package in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The number of G3s sent was revealed in an interview with Commander Silva Pinto held during the military parade on Portugal Day.[77][78]
United Arab Emirates[42]
United Kingdom: Many versions of the G3 were used by the SAS and UKSF like the G3K and MC51. The G3KA4 was designated L100A1 by the British Army.[79]
Yemen: Yemeni Republican Guard and the Yemeni Special guard.[53]
Zambia[42]
Zimbabwe[53]
Colombia:[42] Originally in 1975, Heckler and Koch sold to Indumil the manufacturing license for the G3, the MP5 submachine gun, and the HK21 machine gun.[80] Replaced in service by IMI Galil.
Denmark: G3A5, as the Gevær Model 1966 (Gv M/66). Another variant, designated Gevær Model 1975 (Gv M/75) was leased from the German government.[53] All G3s in Danish service are being replaced by the Diemaco C7 (Gv m/95), and Diemaco C8 (Gv m/96).
Georgia: Turkish made G3s used by Special Forces.[81]
Lesotho[82]
Portugal:[42] G3A3 and A4 versions. The G3 was the standard-issued rifle of the Portuguese Army from 1963-2020, manufactured under license by Fábrica de Braço de Prata before it shut down. In 2019, it was replaced by FN SCAR L rifles.[83]
Rhodesia: Portuguese[84] built G3s were used by auxiliary or reserve units of the Rhodesian Security Forces[85][86][87]
South Africa: 100,000 FMP-manufactured surplus G3 rifles were bought from Portugal and designated the R2 Rifle. It was the standard-issue rifle of the South African Marine Corps and South African Air Force, as well within the South West African Territorial Force as a substitute for the R1 Rifle (FN FAL) until it was replaced by the R4 assault rifle in the 1980s[53] The rifle's stock would soon break down in the heat and become loose, so a replacement stock made of a tough polymer was made by Choate Machine & Tool. The forend had recesses for a bipod's legs and the FAL-style polymer buttstock had a rubber buttplate.[88]
United States Used by the US Army Rangers in the mid 1970s and by the US Navy Seals from 1980. NSN 1005-12-140-9436 [89]
Zaire[53]
Non-state users
Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (in Democratic Republic of Congo)[90]
Provisional IRA: 100 stolen from Norwegian Reserve base near Oslo, 1984[91]
ISIL[92]
Lord Resistance Army[93]
People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad[94]
Revolutionary United Front[95]
Revolutionary Organization 17 November[96]
Mexican cartels
1960s
Internal conflict in Myanmar (1948–present)[97]
Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974)[98]
Papua conflict (1962–present)[99]
The Troubles (Late 1960s–1998)[100]
Colombian conflict (1964–present)[100]
Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979)[101][102]
Indo-Pakistani War (1965)[103]
South African Border War (1966–1990)[100]
Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)[104]
Football War (1969)[105]
1970s
Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)[106]
Indo-Pakistani War (1971)[103]
Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)[107]
Nicaraguan Revolution (1978–1990)[108]
Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)[109]
Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)[108][110]
1980s
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)[111][112]
Seychelles coup d'état attempt (1981)[113]
Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)[114]
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)[93]
First Liberian Civil War (1989–1997)[115]
Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)[94]
Gulf War (1990–1991); saw limited combat use[116]
Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001)[117]
Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)[51]
Kargil War (1999)[118]
2000s
War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)[119]
Iraq War (2003–2011)[116]
Kivu conflict (2004–present)[90]
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
Somali Civil War (2009–present)[120]
2010s
Militias-Comando Vermelho Conflict (2010-present)[44][45][121]
Libyan conflict (2011–present)[122]
Syrian Civil War (2011–present)[107]
South Sudanese Civil War (2013-2020)[123]
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)[107]
2020s
Russian invasion of Ukraine[77]Myanmar civil war (2021–present) [124] [125][126][127]
Commercially the G41 was not as successful as the preceding Heckler & Koch service rifle designs with a similar operating mechanism. It was rejected by various military trial programmes and it never won a major military production contract.[2] Assembly of the G41 has been discontinued by Heckler & Koch; however, production rights to the rifle were acquired by the Italian arms manufacturer Luigi Franchi.[1]
Operating mechanism
The G41's engineering origins lay in the 7.92×33mm Kurz StG 45(M) assault rifle, and later the commercially successful 7.62×51mm NATO G3 battle rifle and its 5.56×45mm NATO HK33 derivative.[1] It is a selective fire automatic weapon that employs a roller-delayed blowback system of operation relying on geometrical transmission ratio relationships between parts. The two-piece bolt mechanism consists of a bolt head that contains two cylindrical locking rollers and a wedge-shaped locking piece, attached to a heavy bolt head carrier. Based on the geometric relationship arising from the angles of the roller contact surfaces of the wedge-shaped locking piece locking piece and the barrel extension recesses, the rearward motion of the bolt head is delayed by a predetermined ratio. Thus during the same period of time, the bolt head carrier moves significantly faster than the bolt head by the predetermined ratio. This ratio is continued until the locking rollers have been withdrawn from the barrel extension recesses. After the rollers retract entirely behind the bolt head, the locking recesses of the barrel extension are cleared, and all parts continue moving rearward together, opening the breech and actuating the extraction and feeding cycles. The chamber is opened under high pressure, thus the chamber received a series of flutes in order to increase extraction reliability and prevent sticking of the spent casing to the chamber walls
Features
The G41 receiver is stamped from a smooth 1.0 mm (0.04 in) sheet of high-tensile steel rather than the 1.2 mm (0.05 in) thick sheet steel used by the HK33.
The revised buttstock on the G41 is held in place by two pins. Unlike the earlier HK33, the G41’s pistol grip assembly is not retained by a pin at the front of the assembly behind the magazine well housing and can be removed by the user during a field strip.