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Small square = 100m, medium square = 1000m, big square = 10 000m
Using Pythagoras, we know that C^2 = A^2 + B^2. But we do not have time to do square roots in the field, or and ideally would like less multiplying. Here is a simpler way that will get a close result (often under 5%). This will require some decent quick multiplication and addition.
1. Find the vertical and horizontal distance
2. Take the smallest number and multiply by 0.3. For simplicity round or drop the rightmost digit and multiply by 3. Note if the numbers are almost the same you should use 4 not 3.
3. Add it to the larger number.
For example you:
1. You find the distance is 837m in one direction, and 522 in another.
2. Take 522, round to 520, drop the rightmost 0 and get 50. Multiply 50 by 3 and you get 150.
3. Add 150 to 837 and you get 987
The real distance is 986. Missed by 1m. But if you are doing the original distance by "eye" this is probably okay.
Another example:
1. Distance is 82 and 464
2. Round 82 to 80, remove digit to get 8, multiply by 3 to get 24
3. Add 24 to 464 to get 488.
The real distance is 471 - a 3.6% deviation.
Final example:
1. Distance is 480 and 436
2. Round 436 to 440, remove to get 44, multiply by 3 to get 132
3. Add 132 to 480 to get 612
Real distance is: 648. We have a total of 9.4% deviation. BUT! Since the numbers are rather close we should have used 0.4, not 0.3.
If we did we would get: 656, 1.0% deviation, or simply put, 8 meters.
Just stick with this one, OP.
Fit the full ruler exactly between the two points by adjusting your rotation and scaling the ruler.
Now rotate to 0 90 180 or 270 degrees.
Be careful not to zoom in/out as it will change the ruler's range scale.
Measure the distance by hovering the map cursor over each edge of the ruler and subtracting the difference in coordinates.
The coordinate 123456 is comprised of two components, X and Y.
X 123: 1=10km, 2=2km, 3=300m
Y 456: 4=40km, 5=5km, 6=600m
So the difference between 100095 and 117095 is 1.7 km.