Here's a list of all the new technologies along with what they unlock and where you can find them.

Available right away and doesn't do much on its own.

Unlocks an incredibly powerful generator that needs specialised fuel rods. You need "Autonomous Mining Algorithms" to get more fuel.
Location Swamped Lab in the swamp

Allows you to craft AI Cores at the Advanced Robotics Station.
Location Ancient Tech Lab at the end of the Iron Trail

Unlocks drills that can mine Iron Ore, Copper, Iron Plates, or Building Material anywhere.
Location Narko's Trap

Unlocks a drill that can mine etherium to make fuel cells with.
Location Needs Autonomous Mining Algorithms and Advanced Energy Cell Production

Allows you to craft an item that enables recruiting captured iron and security spiders.
Location Ancient Labs at the end of the Forbidden Isle
To use this, knock out a relevant spider, place it in a cage, then talk to it with a character carrying the Strange Signal Device. Make sure you don't loot the spider of its parts otherwise it will die before you can recruit it.

Unlocks an extremely powerful pocket-slot equipment that can protect the wearer from damage and the elements.
Location Island Lab on Fishman Isle