Havoc Modifiers

Show and hidden modifier effects

General Info

- Rank is updated to the highest achieved order rank on weekly reset

- Ranks 1 to 10 are Malice difficulty
- Ranks 11 to 20 are Heresy difficulty
- Ranks 21+ are Damnation difficulty

- Ranks 16 to 29 have an "increased difficulty" mutator
- Ranks 30+ have the "highest difficulty" mutator
- Increased difficulty mutator is just Emperors Fading Light (1)
- Highest difficulty mutator is just Emperors Fading Light (2)

- Every 5 ranks there's a chance for a theme, with the exception of 40 it follows the same pattern as the rest of the maps with a 5% chance for a theme. Themes just add the possibility for ventilation purge, darkness, or toxic gas mutators. These themes happen on a small group of specific levels

- Hidden modifiers are added or upgraded every order rank

- There is currently a max of 2 main modifiers + The Emperor's Fading Light

- There is a slight increase in small ammo pickups, and no plasteel/diamantine

- Health Reduction mutator apply after buffs (from curios for example), but only affect your base Health amount.
- Toughness reduction applies before buffs happen, thus will reduce the effect of toughness increases

- "Horde" mobs include poxwalkers, groaners and the 21st moebian infected

Main Modifiers (S1) - Cranial Corruption

"Reports indicate a sizeable number of enemies in this sector are infected with a head parasite"

- Enemies affected by the modifier have a different head model.
- When shot it will explode.
- Head armour-type becomes infested
- 1.25x faster move speed
- Hit mass increased by 1.5x
- Suppression Immune

Bosses	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Beast of Nurgle	0% chance
Captains	0% chance
Chaos Spawn	0% chance
Daemonhost	0% chance
Plague Ogryn	0% chance

Specials	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Chaos Hound	0% chance
Dreg Flamer	10% chance
Scab Flamer	5% chance
Dreg Grenadier	10% chance
Scab Grenadier	10% chance
Mutant	0% chance
Poxburster	0% chance
Sniper	0% chance
Trapper	0% chance

Elites	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Bulwarks	20% chance
Crusher	20% chance
Dreg Gunner	10% chance
Scab Gunner	10% chance
Mauler	5% chance
Dreg Rager	10% chance
Scab Rager	25% chance
Reaper	20% chance
Dreg Shotgunner	10% chance
Scab Shotgunner	10% chance

Regular Enemies	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Dreg Bruiser	10% chance
Scab Bruiser	10% chance
Groaner	10% chance
21st Moebian Infected	5% chance
Poxwalker	10% chance
Scab Shooter	10% chance
Dreg Stalker	10% chance
Scab Stalker	10% chance

Main Modifiers (S1) - Moebian 21st

"Report indicates that infected 21st troopers have been sighted in this area"
- Replaces Poxwalkers and Groaners with Moebian 21st armoured infected

Units	Armour Type	Base HP	Base Hitmass	Run Speed	Stagger Resistance
Groaner	Unarmoured	120	1.25	5.16	0.5
Poxwalker	Infested	150	1.5	3.5	0.75
Moebian 21st Armoured Infected	Primarily Flak Legs, Lower arms, Head are unarmoured	250	1.5	5.16	0.85

Main Modifiers (S1) - Pus-Hardened Skin

"Some of the enemies in this sector have been "blessed" by their foul gods, hardening their skin."
- Affected enemies are green with lots of drippy particles
- Ranged damage reduction equal to 1 - (10% + 1% * havoc order rank). So higher ranks have less dr, and lower ranks have more dr (89% at rank 1, 50% at rank 40)

Bosses	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Beast of Nurgle	0% chance
Captains	20% chance
Chaos Spawn	0% chance
Daemonhost	10% chance
Plague Ogryn	0% chance

Specials	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Chaos Hound	30% chance
Dreg Flamer	35% chance
Scab Flamer	35% chance
Dreg Grenadier	35% chance
Scab Grenadier	25% chance
Mutant	0% chance
Poxburster	50% chance
Sniper	35% chance
Trapper	35% chance

Elites	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Bulwarks	50% chance
Crusher	0% chance
Dreg Gunner	50% chance
Scab Gunner	50% chance
Mauler	25% chance
Dreg Rager	30% chance
Scab Rager	25% chance
Reaper	50% chance
Dreg Shotgunner	25% chance
Scab Shotgunner	25% chance

Regular Enemies	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Dreg Bruiser	10% chance
Scab Bruiser	10% chance
Groaner	0% chance
21st Moebian Infected	0% chance
Poxwalker	0% chance
Scab Shooter	10% chance
Dreg Stalker	10% chance
Scab Stalker	10% chance

Main Modifiers (S1) - The Blight Spreads

"Reports indicate a large concentration of highly corrupted enemies in this area. Beware!"
- Green enemies
- When killed, they will drop a pool of corruption and spreads to nearby enemies

Bosses	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Beast of Nurgle	10% chance
Captains	20% chance
Chaos Spawn	10% chance
Daemonhost	10% chance
Plague Ogryn	10% chance

Specials	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Chaos Hound	10% chance
Dreg Flamer	10% chance
Scab Flamer	10% chance
Dreg Grenadier	10% chance
Scab Grenadier	10% chance
Mutant	10% chance
Poxburster	10% chance
Sniper	10% chance
Trapper	10% chance

Elites	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Bulwarks	10% chance
Crusher	10% chance
Dreg Gunner	10% chance
Scab Gunner	10% chance
Mauler	10% chance
Dreg Rager	10% chance
Scab Rager	10% chance
Reaper	10% chance
Dreg Shotgunner	10% chance
Scab Shotgunner	10% chance

Regular Enemies	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Dreg Bruiser	10% chance
Scab Bruiser	10% chance
Groaner	10% chance
21st Moebian Infected	10% chance
Poxwalker	10% chance
Scab Shooter	10% chance
Dreg Stalker	10% chance
Scab Stalker	10% chance

Main Modifiers (S2) - Heinous Rituals

"Reports indicate that the Admonition has begun creating more Daemonhosts in this area, stop these rituals before it's too late."
- Spawns daemonhosts around the map, each one surrounded by 8 ritualists.
- Healthbar appears when ritual is active. Activation is based on how far you get in the map.
- When ritual is initially active there is a slow increase to progress, this slow tick rate has a 9x speed reduction. Activates when you're within 30m
- When close tick rate increases dramatically (within 15 meters), with a proportional decrease per cultist. (+1/8th tick progress per alive cultist)
- Progresses to full speed when ritualists take a small amount of damage (5%)


Hab dreyko has 3 rituals
Gloriana has 4 rituals
Power Matrix has 5 rituals
Magistrati Oubliette has 5 rituals
Dark Communion has 5 rituals
Vigil Station Oblivium has 5 rituals
Ascension Riser 31 has 5 rituals
Relay Station has 5 rituals
Comms-Plex has 5 rituals
Enclavum Baross has 5 rituals

Main Modifiers (S2) - The Encroaching Garden

"Marked Enemies, blessed by the Lord of Pestilence, will heal affected allies in proximity."

- Heals enemies within 5 meters
- Heal rate is 1200 health per second
- Does not affect other enemies that have the buff
- Purple aura
- Healed enemies have their eyes flash green

Bosses	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Beast of Nurgle	0% chance
Dreg Captains	100% chance
Scab Captains	20% chance
Chaos Spawn	0% chance
Daemonhost	10% chance
Plague Ogryn	0% chance

Specials	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Chaos Hound	0% chance
Dreg Flamer	0% chance
Scab Flamer	0% chance
Dreg Grenadier	0% chance
Scab Grenadier	0% chance
Mutant	0% chance
Poxburster	0% chance
Sniper	0% chance
Trapper	0% chance

Elites	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Bulwarks	35% chance
Crusher	35% chance
Dreg Gunner	25% chance
Scab Gunner	25% chance
Mauler	25% chance
Dreg Rager	25% chance
Scab Rager	25% chance
Reaper	25% chance
Dreg Shotgunner	25% chance
Scab Shotgunner	25% chance

Regular Enemies	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Dreg Bruiser	0% chance
Scab Bruiser	0% chance
Groaner	0% chance
21st Moebian Infected	0% chance
Poxwalker	0% chance
Scab Shooter	0% chance
Dreg Stalker	0% chance
Scab Stalker	0% chance

Main Modifiers (S2) - Final Toll

"Elite enemies fall into rage when under 50% HP left, increasing their attack speed, damage caused and rendering them immune to crowd control."

- Activates at 50% HP
- Stagger/suppression immunity
- 1.5x hitmass
- 1.25x move speed
- 20% size increase for man-sized units, 10% size increase for ogryns
- Creates red aura around the units head

Bosses	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Beast of Nurgle	0% chance
Captains	100% chance
Chaos Spawn	0% chance
Daemonhost	10% chance
Plague Ogryn	0% chance

Specials	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Chaos Hound	0% chance
Dreg Flamer	0% chance
Scab Flamer	0% chance
Dreg Grenadier	0% chance
Scab Grenadier	0% chance
Mutant	0% chance
Poxburster	0% chance
Sniper	0% chance
Trapper	0% chance

Elites	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Bulwarks	100% chance
Crusher	100% chance
Dreg Gunner	100% chance
Scab Gunner	100% chance
Mauler	100% chance
Dreg Rager	100% chance
Scab Rager	100% chance
Reaper	100% chance
Dreg Shotgunner	100% chance
Scab Shotgunner	100% chance

Regular Enemies	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Dreg Bruiser	0% chance
Scab Bruiser	0% chance
Groaner	0% chance
21st Moebian Infected	0% chance
Poxwalker	0% chance
Scab Shooter	0% chance
Dreg Stalker	0% chance
Scab Stalker	0% chance

Main Modifiers (S2) - Rampaging Enemies

"Enemies in this sector are rampaging. They gain increased defence against attacks upon witnessing the death of an ally."

- Buffs all enemies within 4 meters
- 5 stacks of damage reduction
- Each stack provides: 5% damage reduction for elites (25% max), 30% damage reduction for specials (30% max), 2% damage reduction for captains (10% max), 3% damage reduction for monsters (15% max)
- 2% size increase per stack
- Orange aura

Bosses	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Beast of Nurgle	100% chance
Dreg Captains	0% chance
Scab Captains	20% chance
Chaos Spawn	100% chance
Daemonhost	10% chance
Plague Ogryn	1000% chance

Specials	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Chaos Hound	35% chance
Dreg Flamer	35% chance
Scab Flamer	35% chance
Dreg Grenadier	35% chance
Scab Grenadier	25% chance
Mutant	35% chance
Poxburster	35% chance
Sniper	35% chance
Trapper	35% chance

Elites	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Bulwarks	35% chance
Crusher	35% chance
Dreg Gunner	10% chance
Scab Gunner	25% chance
Mauler	25% chance
Dreg Rager	25% chance
Scab Rager	25% chance
Reaper	25% chance
Dreg Shotgunner	25% chance
Scab Shotgunner	25% chance

Regular Enemies	Chance For Enemy to Spawn With Effect
Dreg Bruiser	10% chance
Scab Bruiser	10% chance
Groaner	5% chance
21st Moebian Infected	5% chance
Poxwalker	5% chance
Scab Shooter	10% chance
Dreg Stalker	10% chance
Scab Stalker	10% chance

Main Modifiers - The Emperor's Fading Light

"(1) Auric Intensity activated. Enemies Shoot Faster. No toughness grace period"
"(2) Tensions doesn't affect spawn allowance. Auric Intensity activated. Enemies Shoot Faster. No toughness grace period"

- More Spawns
- Toughness Grace is removed: On damnation it is 50% damage reduction every 8 seconds upon toughness break
- (2) Spawning is unaffected by players taking damage, going down, or dying
- (2) Reduced time between horde spawn noise, and when they spawn in
- (2) Increased Stagger thresholds
*General auric change was that they reduced how many times they shoot per barrage

Elites	Light	Medium	Heavy	Sticky	Explosion	Light Ranged	Killshot
Bulwarks	New: 35 Old: 30	New: 60 Old: 60	New: 120 Old: 120	New: 5 Old: 1	New: 200 Old: 200	New: 100 Old: 60	New: 100 Old: 60
Crusher	New: 50 Old: 20	New: 80 Old: 80	New: 160 Old: 160	New: 20 Old: 10	New: 200 Old: 200	New: 120 Old: 60	New: 120 Old: 60
Dreg Gunner	New: 15 Old: 1	New: 40 Old: 10	New: 80 Old: 20	New: 5 Old: 2	New: 200 Old: 50	New: 60 Old: 10	New: 60 Old: 1
Scab Gunner	New: 15 Old: 10	New: 40 Old: 25	New: 80 Old: 50	New: 5 Old: 0.25	New: 200 Old: 80	New: 60 Old: 10	New: 60 Old: 3
Mauler	New: 35 Old: 5	New: 50 Old: 40	New: 100 Old: 80	New: 5 Old: 0.25	New: 200 Old: 100	New: 80 Old: 10	New: 40 Old: 3
Dreg Rager	New: 20 Old: 5	New: 50 Old: 10	New: 100 Old: 30	New: 5 Old: 3	New: 80 Old: 40	New: 80 Old: 10	New: 40 Old: 10
Scab Rager	New: 20 Old: 5	New: 50 Old: 10	New: 100 Old: 30	New: 5 Old: 3	New: 80 Old: 40	New: 80 Old: 10	New: 40 Old: 10
Reaper	New: 35 Old: 20	New: 60 Old: 50	New: 120 Old: 90	New: 5 Old: 10	New: 40 Old: 120	New: 60 Old: 20	New: 60 Old: 20
Dreg Shotgunner	New: 15 Old: 5	New: 40 Old: 20	New: 80 Old: 40	New: 5 Old: 0.25	New: 200 Old: 60	New: 60 Old: 10	New: 60 Old: 3
Scab Shotgunner	New: 15 Old: 5	New: 40 Old: 40	New: 80 Old: 60	New: 5 Old: 0.25	New: 200 Old: 80	New: 60 Old: 15	New: 60 Old: 5

Regular Enemies	Light	Medium	Heavy	Explosion	Light Ranged	Killshot
Dreg Bruiser	New: 6 Old: 1	New: 30 Old: 10	New: 50 Old: 20	New: 60 Old: 3.5	New: 10 Old: 0.2	New: 40 Old: 0.5
Scab Bruiser	New: 6 Old: 1	New: 30 Old: 12	New: 50 Old: 30	New: 80 Old: 60	New: 80 Old: 8	New: 40 Old: 4
Groaner	New: 3 Old: 1	New: 20 Old: 20	New: 50 Old: 40	New: 60 Old: 60	New: 8 Old: 8	New: 4 Old: 4
21st Moebian Infected	New: 6 Old: 1	New: 30 Old: 20	New: 50 Old: 40	New: 80 Old: 60	New: 80 Old: 8	New: 40 Old: 4
Poxwalker	New: 3 Old: 1	New: 20 Old: 10	New: 50 Old: 20	New: 60 Old: 40	New: 8 Old: 8	New: 4 Old: 4
Scab Shooter	New: 5 Old: 4	New: 20 Old: 8	New: 50 Old: 16	New: 60 Old: 1	New: 10 Old: 5	New: 8 Old: 2
Dreg Stalker	New: 5 Old: 1	New: 20 Old: 10	New: 50 Old: 20	New: 60 Old: 40	New: 10 Old: 5	New: 8 Old: 2
Scab Stalker	New: 5 Old: 1	New: 20 Old: 10	New: 50 Old: 20	New: 60 Old: 40	New: 10 Old: 5	New: 8 Old: 2

Hidden Modifiers - Effects

	Tier 1	Tier 2	Tier 3	Tier 4	Tier 5	Tier 6	Tier 7
Elite Hp Buff	1.10x More HP	1.15x More HP	1.20x More HP	1.25x More HP	1.50x More HP
More Elites	1.15x More Elites	1.35x More Elites	1.50x More Elites	1.75x More Elites	2.00x More Elites
Special Hp Buff	1.10x More HP	1.15x More HP	1.20x More HP	1.25x More HP	1.50x More HP
More Specials	+2 Max Specials	+3 Max Specials	+4 Max Specials	+5 Max Specials	+6 Max Specials
Monster Buff	+1 Monsters 1.10x More HP	+1 Monsters 1.20x More HP	+2 Monsters 1.30x More HP	+3 Monsters 1.40x More HP	+3 Monsters 1.70x More HP
Horde Buff	1.40x Mass 1.10x More HP	1.80x Mass 1.15x More HP	2.00x Mass 1.20x More HP	2.50x Mass 1.25x More HP	2.70x Mass 1.30x More HP
Horde Spawn Rate Buff	1.20x More often	1.40x More often	1.60x More often	1.80x More often	2.00x More often	2.20x More often	2.40x More often
More Ogryns	1.15x More Ogryns	1.35x More Ogryns	1.5x More Ogryns	1.75x More Ogryns	2.00x More Ogryns
Enemy Melee Attack Speed Increase	1.20x Faster Enemy Attack Speed	1.35x Faster Enemy Attack Speed	1.50x Faster Enemy Attack Speed	1.75x Faster Enemy Attack Speed	2.00x Faster Enemy Attack Speed
Enemy Melee Attack Corruption	10% Corruption Damage	15% Corruption Damage	20% Corruption Damage	25% Corruption Damage	30% Corruption Damage
Terror Event Point Increase	1.30x Terror Event Points	1.40x Terror Event Points	1.50x Terror Event Points	1.60x Terror Event Points	1.85x Terror Event Points
Melee Enemy Power Increase	1.10x Higher Melee Damage	1.20x Higher Melee Damage	1.30x Higher Melee Damage	1.40x Higher Melee Damage	1.50x Higher Melee Damage
Reduced Toughness Regen	-15% Toughness Regen Speed	-20% Toughness Regen Speed	-30% Toughness Regen Speed	-40% Toughness Regen Speed	-50% Toughness Regen Speed
Reduced Base Toughness	-10 Toughness	-15 Toughness	-30 Toughness	-40 Toughness	-45 Toughness
Reduced Base Health	-15% HP	-20% HP	-25% HP	-30% HP	-35% HP
Reduced Vent Speed	-15% Vent Speed	-35% Vent Speed	-50% Vent Speed	-75% Vent Speed	-85% Vent Speed
Reduced Ammo	-15% Ammo from pickups	-35% Ammo from pickups	-50% Ammo from pickups	-55% Ammo from pickups	-60% Ammo from pickups

Hidden Modifier - Modifier Enable Order

These modifiers will be constantly active and being added onto your current active modifiers list as you progress in rank. The assumption here is that once you get to a rank, every modifiers up to and including that rank with the highest tier taking precedence

1	Reduced health 1	21	Reduced Ammo 3 Reduced Vent Speed 3 Reduced health 3
2	Reduced Toughness 1 Reduced Toughness Regen 1	22	Enemy Melee Attack Speed Increase 3 Enemy Ranged Attack Speed Increase 3 Enemy Melee Attack Corruption 3
3	Reduced Ammo 1 Reduced Vent Speed 1	23	Monster Buff 3 Elite Hp Buff 3 Reduced health 4
4	Terror Event Point Increase 1	24	Reduced Ammo 4 Reduced Vent Speed 4 Reduced Toughness 4 More Specials 3
5	Elite Hp Buff 1 Special Hp Buff 1 More Specials 1	25	Horde Buff 4 Special Hp Buff 3 Horde Spawn Rate Buff 4 Enemy Melee Attack Corruption 4 Reduced Toughness Regen 4
6	Monster Buff 1	26	Special Hp Buff 5 More Specials 4 Reduced health 5 Terror Event Point Increase 4
7	Horde Buff 1	27	Enemy Melee Attack Speed Increase 4 Enemy Ranged Attack Speed Increase 4 Monster Buff 4
8	Enemy Melee Attack Speed Increase 1 Enemy Ranged Attack Speed Increase 1	28	More Ogryns 4 Melee Enemy Power Increase 4
9	Enemy Melee Attack Corruption 1 Melee Enemy Power Increase 1	29	Elite Hp Buff 4 More Elites 4
10	More Elites 1 More Ogryns 1 Horde Spawn Rate Buff 1	30	Reduced Ammo 5 Reduced Vent Speed 5 Horde Spawn Rate Buff 5
11	Reduced health 2	31	More Elites 5 More Ogryns 5
12	Reduced Toughness 2	32	Enemy Melee Attack Speed Increase 5 Enemy Ranged Attack Speed Increase 5 Melee Enemy Power Increase 5
13	Reduced Toughness Regen 2	33	Enemy Melee Attack Corruption 5 Reduced Toughness 5
14	Reduced Ammo 2 Reduced Vent Speed 2 Melee Enemy Power Increase 2	34	Terror Event Point Increase 5 Reduced Toughness Regen 5
15	Horde Spawn Rate Buff 2 More Specials 2 Terror Event Point Increase 2	35	Horde Buff 5 Horde Spawn Rate Buff 6
16	Monster Buff 2 Melee Enemy Power Increase 3 Reduced Toughness Regen 3	36	More Specials 5
17	Enemy Melee Attack Speed Increase 2 Enemy Ranged Attack Speed Increase 2 Horde Buff 2	37	Monster Buff 5
18	Elite Hp Buff 2 Enemy Melee Attack Corruption 2	38	Special Hp Buff 5
19	Special Hp Buff 2 Reduced Toughness 3 Terror Event Point Increase 3	39	Elite Hp Buff 5
20	Horde Buff 3 More Elites 3 More Ogryns 3 Horde Spawn Rate Buff 3	40	Horde Spawn Rate Buff 7

[Exhillious]

Heyo, the stagger modifiers for the emperor's fading light aren't actually implemented. The difficulty tag is present but the stagger calculation doesn't consider it for enemies. You can verify this ingame and through the source repo.

[Combine00]

therse also a new coordinated horde type called blockade that looks to see if there is a 20 meter difference between the furthest point in the map anyone has been, and where the currently furthest ahead player is.

[Combine00]

@Oldwitch as far as modifiers go, i believe thats the only changes. there was allegedly a change to how shooters work, but i wasnt able to find it. most of the changes that happened are part of broader pacing changes, which i should add to emperors fading light.

horde mechanics are slightly different, with an amount of horde that builds up as you move through the map, and will spawn with a timer rather than purely progression based

at 30+ monstrous specials spawn every 120 to 200 seconds with a 20% chance to replace a special with a max of 2, once you have 2 it becomes 550 to 600 second break. 16+ makes it 250 to 330 seconds. rest the same

twins are added in the form of lieutenants, they have a spawn system similar to rituals, so if you see a ritual start its slow tick, thats also when you would have gotten twins to spawn

[Oldwitch]

What has changed with havoc 2.0? I can see that the ammo nerf changed from -75% to -60%

[Combine00]

@RIFMO so the way it works, is that at order rank 1 itd be 89% dr 1 - (10% +1% * 1) so 1 - 11% =89%. and at order rank 40 itd be 50% dr, 1 - (10% +1% *40), 1 - 50% = 50%. i did absolutely format the equation wrong though, so i hope with better bracket formatting it makes more sense

[RIFMO]

Hey sorry to be that guy but I gotta ask:

"Ranged damage reduction equal to 1 - 10% + 1% * havoc order rank. So higher ranks have less dr, and lower ranks have more dr"

Is it 1% to 10% + (1% X Havoc_Rank) Ranged damage resistance. If that's the case wouldn't the higher you go up, the more ranged damage resistance there is? Sorry just wanted some clarity on this.

[gpk_og]

Good stuff, thanks @Combine00 for writing it up and @Mitnick107 for linking it on Reddit sidebar.

[Combine00]

@Mitnick107 go ahead

[Mitnick107]

Hey there Combine00,
I'm a mod on the Darktide Subreddit and would like to ask your permission to link this guide among other guide links in the sub. It would be a very helpful addition.
You are doing the emperor"s work!

[Combine00]

@kenkenkenxcx i believe the way it works simply, is that events like end events or mid events, use a point system. it will have a certain amount of points allocated per spawn cycle, and ask for certain enemy tags. this will increase that amount of points, and should lead to larger waves during events