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The Foam as you call it, otherwise known as a windshield does exactly that. It's primary purpose is to shield the microphone from excessive wind noise, along with muffling other unwanted background and motion noises. It's secondary functions are assisting in reducing clicks, pops, hisses yet, only to a degree.
A pop filter however is much more effective in controlling those unwanted clicks, pops, hisses as well as effectively ensuring "P", "B", "S" and "T's" are easily and clearly picked up by the microphone without reducing audio quality.
With that being said for the best sound quality, one should have both at all times for a proper setup. Also keep in mind that having a windshield is also always a plus for hygiene purposes. They're cheap, easy to install/mount and should be replaced a few times a year to prevent the spread of bacteria.
That's the basic explanation but, for the most part what you should know when properly setting up a mic and the reasons behind it. Anyways, have a nice day.
Windscreens are generally for outdoor recordings (lowering surrounding background noises), while pop screens are generally indoor (reducing pops and clicks, etc - directional to your voice).
As for your second question, yes, they can in fact be washed by hand and depending on the quality of the materials used quite a few times. Just remember that regardless the materials used aren't built for strength but, to suit it's purpose. Thus they tend to tear after a few washes and become unusable.