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Do you not have the CD Key for the game to be registered on your account?
How did you acquire this physical disc? Was it new or used?
There should be a piece of paper with a Steam key inside the game box. If there is no extra paper then other popular places for the key are the backside of the manual or the inside of the disc cover inlay.
Check those first.
Perhaps you've installed it previously and it resides on another account?
OP already gave the answer from the post i quoted for where he bought the game.
as for your 2nd question "bob", it is totally irrelevant to this thread.
"bob", kindly read all the posts in this thread before asking a question that is already been answered.
Just to corroborate:
https://support.2k.com/hc/en-us/articles/201332913-Locating-the-CD-Key
I would take that back to the store and explain that the game is missing the manual and CD key.
Yeah, there are always stories about people buying game, registering the key, returning the thing, and it's even accepted by the store...
Modern times...
If it's a Steam game, then the disk it utterly useless (unless it has some extras, like a making-of video) -- the key is the valuable item in there.
Only Valve has a key generator :-)
You could trial-and-error random keys (I suspect that's how legitimate keys are generated as well -- create a random key, then check whether it's been generated before), but that's why Steam blocks you after a few attempts (they even count valid keys... people sometimes get hit by this with large-ish bundles), and I'm pretty sure some alarms will go off at Steam HQ if a lot of key failures are seen.
Activation keys used to be based on algorithms which allowed keys to be tested usually during activation to determine authenticity without the need of a centralized database to keep track of every single license. However, algorithms could be reverse engineered either by means of collecting enough samples, or by other methods. As you say, keys are now randomly generated thus there is no way of reverse engineering them other than by brute force, which as you point out, Steam thwarts by limiting the number of activation attempts for a given period of time.
In the past, Steam too used to use algorithm based keys as one might infer from the following article about Portal 2--a game which came out in 2011:
https://www.eurogamer.net/man-finds-steam-key-generating-bug-valve-gives-him-15-000
Civ 5, being a 2010 game may also have had a similar history.
Anyway, I was trying to say that Walmart might see more people trying to return/exchange retail games that were missing the printed keys than customers returning games that were complete with all the materials but with keys that were already used.