"VISA Valve Hamburg" & "Intl VISA Fee"

[D0OMZDAYZ]

Hello,
So I was checking my bank statement today to view the Steam transactions I made during this sale. All the charges made by Steam/Valve are titled "VISA Valve Hamburg [Insert Date] Card Purchase" and every purchase is followed by an "Intl VISA Fee". So for example, a charge of $64.21 AUD also attracted a VISA Fee of $1.77 AUD.

How long has this being a thing?
Why are the charges being made to Valve in Hamburg?
Does using Paypal attract any fees? (I couldn't see any when I had used my Paypal account though they may be incorporated into the Paypal transaction itself).
Would like to get some answers thanks.

[D0OMZDAYZ]

UPDATE: I have tracked down a transaction that was made of the 26th of September that was charged under "VISA STEAMGAMES.COM WWW.STEAMPOW". This purchase was made with my Visa card but did not attract any international fees. So why the difference?

For clarity, the transactions I made during the sale were all gifts and I believe almost all of them were to overseas Steam users. So, does gifting overseas attract a fee when using a Visa card?