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The CPU takes over rendering graphics. This is called Software Rendering. A GPU is just a specialized Processor made for graphics caluclations. A CPU can calculate them also just not as efficient.
I think this has nothing to do with the fact that modern CPUs have a dedicated graphic chip built in, like a mini GPU inside of the CPU. Technically I think it would also run without it since old processors didnt have those and still ran PCs without a graphic card.
However, actually putting that constructed frame onto a monitor always and without exception requires a "graphics adapter". When the graphics adapter is built into the CPU (which only extremely recently has become a thing) or motherboard (which is more common, but not universal), this is called "integrated graphics", and it is possible to disable or ignore the integrated graphics adapter and use a "dedicated graphics adapter" or "discrete graphics adapter" (ie. an add-in card) instead, which is usually done for improved GPU performance, especially for games. Some laptops will even let you dynamically shift between the integrated graphics (for power conservation) and discrete graphics (for gaming performance).
But motherboards without integrated graphics don't have any video output ports, so there's nothing you can plug a monitor into anyway (if you don't have an add-in graphics card). And a machine with no graphics adapters at all will not exit POST and not start booting, it will just sit and beep.
Thanks for clearing that up, I learned something new