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https://yugioh.fandom.com/wiki/Missing_the_timing
https://yugioh.fandom.com/wiki/Spell_Speed
https://yugioh.fandom.com/wiki/Chain
chains happen because of a mechanic called spell speeds(SS).
There are technically 3, but there is a fourth level that players dub spell speed 4.
Spell speed 1 are basic spells and some monster effects(flip, ignition and trigger).
spell speed 2 are quick play spells, most trap cards and quick-play monster effects.
Spell speed 3 are counter traps and cannot be countered by any other card type unless its by another counter trap. It may seem really good and you want to use them, but most of them have a steep cost or a stipulation. Possibly the easiest one to activate is Divine Punishment as all it requires is a Sanctuary in the Sky to activate.
Spell speed 4 is basically anything that says "your opponent cannot respond to this cards activation". The odd thing about these cards is that they aren't technically faster than any other card, but it's that ruling of not being able to respond to it is what made people dub them SS 4.
They can be any cards, but the one we have currently is Night Beam, but monsters can have it too, such as the Link 4 Monster, Borrelsword Dragon(not in DL, but as an example).
Chains are also important to take into consideration when the "If" and "when" clauses occur.
So let's say I had Trap Jammer Set and my opponent has a monster on the field. I summon a monster.
Summoning a monster is essentially a SS 1 as your opponent can react to it with most SS 2 cards. So the set card he has is activated(or they activate I should say) and it's treacherous trap hole, but I activated my Trap Jammer a SS 3.
So the chain goes Summon > Treacherous > Trap Jammer.
Now in certain scenarios sometimes effects won't go through. That's because of ruling clauses many cards have. Those being "If" and "When". Like in English, IF is a hypothetical and when is an absolute. So when a card has "When this card is destroyed..." Like Yubel, the last thing that has to have happened was Yubel's destruction. So in many cases you want its effect to be at chain 2. So like the Trap hole example above, but instead you have the trap hole.
Monster effect activates > Trap Hole > Destruction > Monster effect goes off.
Where the destruction is is where Yube's effect would've gone off, but because your monster's effect is now the final thing that happened. Yubel can't go into it's next form
I'm an Official TCG Judge. If you have any questions about how effects, rulings, or just how the game in general works, feel free to add me and ask.
It's a tough game to get into, yet so satifying for me.