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Just to clarify that if you make it through to Q3 then you have to start on the tyres you set your best time with in Q2. This is based on the qualifying results BEFORE penalties are applied.
So @surgical got into Q3 so this would apply.
For anyone who doesn't get into Q3 they have free tyre choice to start and the extra set of the softest compound (which was to be used for Q3) available.
https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/tyres-and-wheels.html
So then it is why you had a penalty.
If you didn't cause any infractions in the qualifying sessions and you said you switched power unit components in P2.
Gearbox - Gearboxes have to run for 6 events. If you changed gearbox prior to this event and you hadn't already run the 6 that would get you a 5 place grid penalty.
For you to move 10 places that would either imply multiple penalites or:
How many engine components of each type have you used? Were any of the one you changed in P2 to a 5th or 6th component?
There is a 10 grid place penalty for the first time you use a 5th/6th/7th etc component. You get 5 place penalties for any subsequent 5th/6th/7th etc component.
https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Licenses_driving_protocol_and_penalties.html
So when can you switch out power units and gearbox without getting penalties?
So if you changed your gearbox that would explain 5 places (assuming you hadn't used it for 6 races already which given the wear is probably unlikely)
Not sure where the other 5 came from.
Power Units:
So you have 4 of each power unit component. You can switch these out any time you are at the laptop without penalty except after qualifying (prior to the race) due to Parc Ferme rules.
You can switch them out during any of the practice sessions but it will cost you time in that session.
If you need to use a 5th component (most likely the internal combustion engine ICE) then for that race you will get a 10 place grid penalty.
From then on any further 5th components you use get you a 5 place grid penalty e.g getting your 5th Turbo Charger (TC) or Energy Store (ES).
If you then later need a 6th component that will get you another 10 place grid penalty with each subsequent 6th component getting you a 5 place penalty.
And so on for 7th and 8th components.
Interesting note:
So if at a race you introduce a 5th ICE and a 5th ES. You will incur 15 grid penalty places.
Now they have been clever because if you say in one race introduce a 5th, 6th and 7th say ICE. Then you might think you would get 30 grid place penalties and then be free to use them for the rest of the races without penalty.
But they covered this as whichever you element you fit last can be used subsequently without penalty but if you use the others you get their penalty.
Gearbox:
You get 4 gearboxes for the season. Each one must last 6 consecutive races e.g:
Gearbox 1: Races 1-6
Gearbox 2: Races 7-13
Gearbox 3: Races 14-19
Gearbox 4: Race 20
If you change gearbox before it has done at least 6 races then you get a 5 place grid penalty.
So you can change gearbox 1 without penalty after race 6. But then that gearbox 2 must last at least 6 races so you can change to Gearbox 3 without penalty.
So do what you can to get your gearbox to after race 6 but then there doesn't seem to be any benefit in stretching it beyond that. Unless you are running out of gearboxes.
If you gearbox is really causing problems I would advise changing it on races you either can qualify well on to cushion the blow and/or can make up the penalty positions e.g not Monaco or Singapore. Or maybe a race you are crap on anyway so you don't lose much.
The regulations don't actually say what the penalty is for a 5th gearbox. I would imagine it would be at least 10 places like a new component.