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on 06. Feb. 1942 U-109, which was a type IX-B boat, armed with a much more powerful 10,5 cm deckgun, sank steamer Halcyon (3531 GRT) using its deckgun only. Commander Heinrich Bleichrodt was shelling the 3,5K GRT steamer carrying ballast for more then 5 hours and fired 200 rounds in total (100x 10,5cm + 100x 3,7cm) until it finaly flipped over and sank.
http://www.ubootarchiv.de/ubootwiki/index.php/Halcyon
Lothar von Arnauld de la Periere on WW1 sunk on a 4 week patrol 54 ships using only 4 torpedos, one was a miss. His main weapon to sink ships was the 8,8cm deck gun.
The deck gun in WW2 wasnt rarely used because it wasnt effectiv, it was rarely used because other circumstances than in WW1, like airplanes, convoy system and armed freighter
well which all together turned the deckguns basically into ballast.
it is also just a bad idea to put a deckgun on an unstable platform like the deck of a submarine. It may work well in calm conditions, when the sea is flat like a mirror, but as soon you have rough conditions like they are common in the atlantic and the north sea, you barely can actually hit anything.
U-109 fired 200 shells, but only few of them was actually a hit.
In WW1 the total naval warfare doctrine was not yet applied, and it was common practise to stop the merchants, get on board, inspect them, let the crew get off board, prepare the vessel for sinking by in example flooding the balast tanks and opening all bulk doors and then finaly finishing it off from close range with a few well aimed rounds. When you properly prepare the vessel and are aware of its weakenesses yea this is propably a different story.
The type XI U-boat concept was based off the famous "cruiser submarines" of WWI. A number of U-boats were fitted with heavier guns for use against merchants while torpedoes were saved for more valuable warships. The type XI was an effort to revisit this concept in WWII but the project was cancelled early on.