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Filling and emptying Barrels are not that great for long-distance transport no matter what medium you use to transport them. Too many assemblers are necessary to keep up with regular fluid wagons on a train being offloaded by pumps which cost less energy and have higher throughput.
Long sections of pipe can work up to a certain point. It becomes better to build a train dedicated to carrying fluid above a certain distance. It is up to you how far away it becomes before you switch to train and fluid wagon as the primary transport method.
also doesnt fluid only travel a certain distance in pipes?
But energy in factorio is not really an issue.
In terms of throughput: nothing can beat a long line of storage tanks and a few pumps.
But trains are fun and do their job quite well.
So by train?
https://wiki.factorio.com/Fluid_system
A single entity can be different sizes and still count as a single entity. A pipe counts as a single entity and stretches one tile, a boiler stretches 3 tiles and (for water flow) counts as 1 entity. Steam turbines and steam engines are longer still yet only count as single entity for steam flow. A set of pipe to grounds count as 2 entities and can stretch up to 10 tiles.
A single pump connected tank to tank or fluid wagon to tank can move 12,000 units of fluid per second. This allows you to empty a fluid wagon in less than 2 1/2 seconds. If there is even 1 pipe in the system that slows to a rate of 6,000 per second and drops further for more entities.
The fastest transport in the game is a single train engine hauling a single rail car. For long distances this is the most efficient and fastest method to move materials anything longer than a "moderate" distance.
A system of pipes using pipe to grounds and the occasional pump can move fluids at ~1,200 units per second but this requires power for the pumps. If you are using power for the pumps and are relying on the oil to be converted into solid fuel to create the power a brown out can start a chain collapse of your power system. The reduced power out put causes a slow down in the fluid flow resulting in less solid fuel being produced per unit time resulting in less power being produced which further reduces fluid flow. You can mitigate this by setting up personalized power for each pump (or for the system) by using solar panels and accumulators to run the pumps separate from the main power network.
A cargo wagon carrying filled barrels holds 20,000 units of fluid. It takes 1 second to barrel/unbarrel 1,000 units of fluid but there is no assembler that works at a speed of 1.0 so its either a speed of .75 for a mk II assembler or a speed of 1.25 for a mk III.
A fluid wagon carries 25,000 units of fluid. The advantages are that a single cargo wagon carrying barrels can carry several different types of fluids at once and filter inserters can be used to sort them where as a fluid wagon can carry only 1 type. The obvious thing, of course, is to just add more fluid wagons, one for each type of fluid you want to carry.
Tl:dr - Fluid wagons for high through put at high speed for moderate to long/excessive distances. Pumps and pipes for short to moderate distances or in places where high throughput isn't required (like supplying flame thrower turrets with oil).