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Keep the center of mass as close to the bottom of your ship as possible. Use steel on the bottom, placing lead or heavy armor as possible to act as ballast. Then build/fill your hull from the bottom up while trying to keep the heaviest stuff at the bottom and work up through the deck. Try to leave more open area as you move up on large ships or more buoyant materials like wood or light alloy as you go up.
If you have enough weight and your CoM low enough this should solve a good portion of your bobbing and capsizing problems.
For defenses consider the enemies your ship will be facing. Shield are almost always effecting at repelling some of the damage from projectile weapons and missiles. Smoke screens are often better against lasers and also messes with laser guided missiles. If you have plenty of power consider LAMs of missile and CRAM defense. If you don't try to make sure your shields are placed far enough out to minimize damage from inertial fused crams and frag missiles. CWIS guns or interceptor missiles can be used to provide additional missile protection if you don't have power left over after setting up your shields.
There are alternatives such as using propellers / hydrofoils or such to level the ship, too.
http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=792483399
There are other ways of building good boats, but this one should be fairly easy to reverse engineer and build your own examples from.
1) build wide: building wider makes boats harder to capsize, and allows for more deck room, and therefore more weaponry.
2)Build low: don't go putting some Isengard size bridge on a ship. The lower (and lighter) deck protrusions are, the less roll your vehicle will have
3)build heavy: Don't be afraid to use some metal or heavy armor (although I would suggest being more conservative with the latter). Light ships are prone to flipping, and often do not sit low enough to have proper propulsion. Build such that at least 3m of the ship is underwater at ALL times.
4)Anticipate: This is a bit more broad, but probably the most important thing to remember. If you are finding that conventional remedies can't fix an issue, think outside of the box. For instance, you will notice that if hit, small boats will rise their bows out of the water. When keels didn't work, I resorted to using jet stabilizers, and some counter pitch thrusters (ACB that turns on jets at certain pitch or roll). If your boat won't float, even with air pumps, try helium pumps. Because helium is so light, it will almost always stay above sea level.
1. Bigger ships
This really started in china, but is still in use today, if your ship extends longer than the trough between the waves, then you will be much more stable.
2. Deep Keels
Mostly the European solution, having a deep and heavy keel moves the center of mass far below the boyant part of the ship, making it self righting if it rolls.
3. Catamerans or pontoons
This solution is ideal for small cheap ships that need a shallow draft, and has been used by almost ever civ for at least 4000 years.
4. advanced control systems
much harder, and I do not recomend this method.
A ship needs to be like 100-150 blocks in length, and like 15-20 in width, and like 15-20 blocks deep, at a minimum. Thats a good corvette. Good start. Metal hull, inside a second layer of alloys. 2 large props.
Anything smaller - frankly, useless unless in a swarm.
All these problems you listed - all this goes away once a ship is large and heavy enough.
1. Wide boats are more stable.
2. Keep the weight low (center of mass at or slightly below the water line means less wobble).
3. Hydrofoils on the bottom (turn them sideways) controlled by ACBs are actually amazing, and allow you to make sharper turns without tipping completely over.
i cant build in designer it lag every time i put a piece on the moddel it lag out for like 20 sec