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You also need a lot of infantry for sieges. So I usually make 10:5:5 armies with 10 infantry, 5 cavalry and 5 cannon. If playing a culture that buffs the ratio I'll go 8,6,6 or 9.6.5.
I use 20,000 for my army caps because of supply issues when invading. I find that 20k is a good balance against minimal attrition but large enough to hold their ground against a large force while reinforcements come in. You can also easily split it into 2x10 or 4x5 for quickly capping provinces.
Also I find that Discipline > Tactical Score > Good commander scores > Morale > Numbers. Though being better at all helps a lot. ^_^
Usually for western nation it's 50. Meaning that up to 50% of your army can be cavalry. So you can have a cavalry-infantry ratio of 1:1 (even though this is absolutely not advisable, since cavalry is much more espensive, and as you suffer infantry losses you will certainly go above the ratio and receive the penalty to tactics).
It doesn't count Art, and Cav aren't cost effective enough to build en masse unless you are a steppe horde really. Not to mention that they aren't nearly as useful in a siege and they cost a lot more gold to reinforce.
You don't want the full Cav/Inf ratio to start, because as soon as you start losing Infantry in combat you go below the 50% ratio and get the big combat penalty for doing so. I usually aim for about 40% Cav as most nations, but you only need a few for flanking either way. That means something like 10/4/10 Inf/Cav/Art armies once I can afford them, for example.
It also depends on the nation. Sweden for example you want more infantry to make use of their tradition of better infantry, and some of the western nations have better cav traditions iirc