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Now if you set a level of work - for example, pick one of the 3DMark tests - and then get a result and compare that to other results from other sources that have the exact same CPU, yet different GPU, or the same GPU, but different CPU, you could make some educated guesses as to is your system CPU limited with that specific work.
But you don't really need the benchmark for that - just good reviews that have large number of resulst from various systems.
GTX 1080 is currently the fastest single GPU out there, so it is definitely CPU limited on any light GPU load. On 3DMark, I'd say Ice Storm, Cloud Gate and Fire Strike Performance tests are most likely CPU limited on your configuration. The rest - Fire Strike Extreme and up - will need 2 or more GTX 1080s to hit CPU limits.
So, it all really depends on what exactly you run on your system. There are definitely games out there that are (framerate) limited based on your CPU and this depends greatly on the settings you use on those games.
So, to answer "3DMark can give you the performance of your system under variable loads. Some of the available loads are definitely CPU limited, some are not. What is the "bottleneck" depends on what you run on your system".
But then I started to realize that it has to be my CPU. It is a Corei7 860 quad core overclocked to 3.66ghz. 4 actual cores and 4 virtual. I thought quad core 3.66ghz was plenty, but Starcraft 2 put it to shame haha.
would you recommend a CPU with more cores such as a 6 to 8 core processor with 3.5ghz? Or a quad core CPU that is overclockable to around 4.5ghz?
I mostly run 2 - 3 game at the same time at max settings in borderless window mode. I alt-start button through them. My specs are: 8GB RAM, 3.66ghz quad core CPU, GTX 1080 GPU, Samsung 850 EVO 1TB SSD and Windows 10 64-bit.
your first post didn't really specify the i7 model so I kinda assumed it to be a bit more recent one.
If you are going to upgrade something on your system, a new CPU and motherboard is definitely the biggest upgrade you can make and there would be a substantial difference in games that have heavier CPU load - the CPU is, after all, something like 7 years old...
Number of cores or the clock speed is not the main thing - CPU generation is. Since i7-860, Intel has released four generations of new processors and even with the latest Skylake quad-core CPUs are "only" around 4-4.2Ghz and have the same 4 cores as yours, the difference to your generation of i7 is simply massive. You can compare the CPU test score from 3DMark on your system to a CPU test result from anyone running, say, i7-6700k (I'm sure some i7-6700k owner can link his score!) and it would demonstrate the difference in actual CPU performance.