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And sure, I'm not saying there were no churches in Europe (I didn't even say there were no pilgrimage sites/contenders; I said 'not many') in the 9th century but I don't think an Italian proto-Catholic would've considered the small wooden church in Glastonbury to be a major pilgrimage site.
In regards to Cologne, I doubt it's any one factor that made it a Holy Site unless it was the need for a Holy Site in Germany, in which case it becomes the natural choice; It was the provincial capital of Germania Inferior for the Romans and it's first Bishop was a personal friend of the Emperor who converted Rome. There are a number of churches in the city that were themselves converted Roman structures and have been active since said conversion.
For Santiago... well, it's complicated and you can basically say it happened in stages for each start date. In the 867 start date it was a pilgrimage route but only really for Iberia; the first records of non-Iberians travelling the route date to the mid-1000s. It also only became a massive pilgrimage route when the system became organised in the 12th century, in time for the final start date.
What historians consider the "Great Schism" was simply the action of the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople mutually excommunicating each other, which represented a culminations of hundreds of years of hostilities between the two, not the start of said hostilities. In my opinion, CK3 would be not be more correct by pretending that the Latin and Greek Christianity were united until 1054.
Now that those statements were made, I should turn your attention to the PBS/Great Courses Selection where you can learn about the rise and fall of a great many cultures during the dark/middle ages.
There were numerous instances of protestants and catholics warring against each other and slaughtering entire towns...Wanna know how dumb people were then?? People would place their faces into the toilet seats to inhale the air because they thought this prevented the plague...don't believe me? watch the England from from fall of rome to the norman conquest by Jennifer Paxton (AMAZING)
Not like anyone got any brighter in a thousand years. We just had a worldwide pandemic and some of the beliefs and 'cures' were no better or crazier than sticking your head in the toilet.
You could argue that Christianity was already divided into irreconcilable pieces by the Council of Nicaea (325AD) - so to pick a specific date for the great schism is almost just personal preference or deferring to a historian to pick it for you in the long history of differing on doctrine and jurisdiction in Christianity. Like deciding Protestant Reformation starts with Luther's Theses.
Constantinople quit answering to Rome long before any schism date you want to pick.
Apologies, I kinda half-arsed that (having had this conversation several times now). I used to write long breakdowns of everything wrong with Islam which is more my speciality but, as the kids say, cba.
Cologne makes sense if we have to have the same holy sites in 1453 as we do in 867 but Maastricht would probably be my pick for an 867 German pilgrimage site/holy site if they could change. Cologne becomes a major pilgrimage site in the 12th century ish I think thanks to Barbarossa's donation of the (supposed) bones of the Three Wise Men.
Santiago was one of my picks in a previous iteration of this conversation but yeah, like you said (and like I said), it's debatably a major pilgrimage site in 867.
I also focused on the cathedrals because our Christian holy sites = cathedrals in this game hence my mentioning that Santiago's wouldn't be built until the 12th century and that construction on Cologne's hadn't finished.
Generally 867 will be given as the point of no return (thanks to the Photian schism although that schism was partially resolved) but yeah it's arbitrary. Could also make an argument for 1054 as the formal end of the process.