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There are benefits and trade-offs to both methods, for instance with a dedicated server there is usually no need to render the graphics the server program is usually just a text based console and that's it, which means it can run on a computer without a graphics card and can have lower system requirements. The benefit of that is that it makes it much cheaper for companies to use actual servers with more bandwidth than the average user has access to for hosting the game servers which makes it easier to provide a better and more consistent online experience for customers which is why most games use dedicated servers. The downside is that sometimes the server application is not made available to people who own the game which means when the publisher/developer shuts down the servers that's usually the end of multiplayer for that game, and even if the server application is made available then servers can be much more complicated to set up and run for the average user.
For a game where the client also acts as a server things can be quite different, it usually means anyone can easily create a server from the in game menus, and that also means you don't have to worry as much about the publisher/developer taking down the servers (there's still a master server that keeps track of what game servers are running that could be taken down, but they are very cheap to run and usually stay up a lot longer). There are a some pretty major downsides to this though, firstly the player who hosts the server gets an advantage because they don't get any ping or lag ever which is often unfair, and this can be made worse because it is often unclear to players how much bandwidth is needed to host a server that isn't laggy, so in games that do this there are usually a lot of players who create a server that is woefully low on bandwidth and while the host plays with no lag at all the other players can be experiencing an unplayable amount of lag. This makes picking a server a lot like running through a minefield, some will be fine others will be unplayably bad and you have to disconnect and find another. Another downside is that you need to be playing the game to host a server which means when the host decides they want to leave then everyone else gets disconnected, which means you often don't get to play on a good server for as long as you might want.
If you are banned then you are banned, there's rarely anything that can be done about it and you probably aren't going to be able to play on any servers, dedicated or not.