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As a player keeping up with the AI in Military Technology is completely doable (unless you waste your Mil Points on Development, Strengthen Government, Harsh Treatment etc (all of those can be useful in the right situation but most of the time they are a waste of points).
Keeping up in Administrative and Diplomatic Technology can be harder if you expand a lot but being behind in Admin/Diplo Tech is nearly never a problem.
In addition a player can usually generate far more Monarch Points than the AI which helps to be Tech leader (or at least not fall behind):
- Better economy -> better advisors
- Estate Privileges (which the AI rarely uses)
- Deliberate disinheriting, killing heirs/rulers (there is no reason the let your 1/2/0 heir take the throne, another heir will (very likely) be better
- Keeping your Power Projection up (>50 PP gives +1 Monthly MP per category)
As far I have seen, AI has always used 2-3 Estate Privileges. I would not really say AI is bad at this.
The guy talked specificly about the +1 from each estate, which Ai doesnt like to take
--Relative tech levels. Even a difference of one point can have a huge impact. Make sure you are the one in the lead.
--The terrain you fight on. Always attack in plains. Always try to defend in hills, mountains, or forrests.
--Generals
--Combat width and army composition. You want a front row of infantry + cavalry equal to your combat width. For most nations, a small number of cavalry (2 to 6, depending on combat width) is optimal. Your rear row should be exclusively artillery. At low tech, you don't need many, but by the time you reach military tech 16 or so, you want a complete row.
--Sending in a second army to reinforce the first in large battles after significant damage has been done to your side.
--Making sure your troops are fully funded in wartime and have time to reach max morale.
--Drilling
--Advisor and ruler bonuses
--National and military idea groups
When you say "literally RNG AI favored, always," you're wrong. I win close to 100% of the battles I fight, and you can too if you take the time to learn the game. But first you have to admit that you need to learn. Once you do, you'll realize that the AI is bad at fighting. That's the biggest advantage a skilled player has.
Also, if you think the Ottomans are OP now, you should have seen them 7 years ago.
No kidding, or even two years ago, the Ottomans are currently a joke compared to what they once were...
And i hope you know about combat width, because only a part of that 80k are fighting. The combat in EU4 works like this. Only the first row fights. Anything that doesnt fit into the first row, gets put in the second row, and acts as reserve and will move into first row once there is space. But there is an exception, the cannons, which can fire from the second row (at reduced damage, 50%). Width of the rows is based on the combat width stat.
Late game it becomes all about cannons. Preferably you want to get things that boost your cannon damage, like quality ideas. Cavalry is generally neglected, unless you have specific nations that get extreme cavalry bonuses (Poland has +33% damage on cav). Most of the first row is just plain infantry, with 1 cavalry on each side.
Also, it's bad to fight with an enemy that has better technology. Discipline and Military Tactics are the 2 most important characteristics. Tactics reduces incoming damage, and discipline increases damage you deal, and also adds extra tactics, so even more damage reduction. Discipline you get from ideas though.
You get other bonuses from military tech as well. Morale, extra fire/shock damage for your infantry/cavalry/canons, more combat width, better units, but tactics is by far the most important one.
Army tradition is another stat that can play a role. The generals you roll are based on your army tradition. You can pretty much get all sixes with 100 army tradition. Fire and shock stats will help in battle, maneuverability increases supply and movement speed on the map, and siege helps with sieges.
Sorry but this is BS. I just had my 8k army defeated by an already demoralized from prior combat 3k army, when attacking in open fields with no terrain bonuses and equal generals. Was within the 1st year of gameplay as japan against another daimyo. The game is blatantly rigged in the AI's favor, particularly in iron man mode, which this was. This is the most blatant example of it I've seen since it was so early in the game and there was literally no logical explanation as a result.
There are several perfectly logical explanations for what you saw which don't require any favors for the AI(your case was probably a combination of several of these):
On top of what grotacias already mention, early game there are several key military techs that if the AI gets before you will put you at a huge disadvantage in combat (by the same token if you get them first, then YOU have the advantage).
Another GREAT thing about this game, as soon as you lose ONE battle, you get so many penalties its like so difficult to win another battle (same army) after that one, even if your army supposedly recovered morale and manpower. Dumb game
https://imgur.com/nYtVZyl <--- nice, AI army of 3k vs 12k (at 80% morale) and I almost lost, wonder why...